Nature vs. Nurture - We are Influenced by a Combination :: Papers Psychology Development Behavior

Nature vs. Nurture DebateThe controversy over what determines who we ar, whether it is Nature(heredity, our biologic make up) or Nurture (our environment) is pickings a newshape. Through the past decades, psychologists have developed differenttheories to explain the characteristics of human-beings how we feel, think andbehave. Usually, these theories were one directional in the nature / nurturequestion. Today, a new approach to deal with this question is emerging. Thisnew approach finds a middle ground between nature and nurture. Theconclusion that nature and nurture are complementary and work hand and handto shape a behavior (a purposeful and meaningful activity) is not a compromiseit is a result of a vigorous study of each of the components of the equation ofheredity and environment and their affects on determining ones developmentand behavior. In fact, the more we understand roughly development and behavior,the more obvious it becomes that nature and nurture are similarly influ encesrather than determinants, not only singly but also in combination. here(predicate) below, Iwill endeavour to expose the leading theories dealing with the question of naturevs. nurture. I will also try to present the third, new-emerging approach meant to light up the mystery of What is it that makes us who we are? Our genes made us. We animals exist for their preservation and arenothing more than their throwaway survival machines. This is what RichardDarwin states in his book The Selfish Gene. In his international best seller book,he argues that we are merely a product of our genes and our main purpose inlife is to serve the genes, become statistical distribution agents and ensure theirproliferation. Before we take any stand to Darwins statement, let us familiarizeourselves with what is meant when the term nature is used. Nature representswhat we are born with and cannot control. Our biological make up is determinedby the genes we receive from our parents(reside in the 23 pair s ofchromosomes, 23 from each parent.) A gene is a segment of DNA or asequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product, (Tortora,Microbiology. p. 575.) These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play asignificant fictitious character in determining our behavior and our well-being. Through newgenetic studies, clinical observation, and research on identical twins andadopted children, we are becoming more and more aware that many of the humancharacteristics previously taken for granted as products of childhood rearing andenvironment are rooted in the genetic matrix., (Neubrauer, Peter. p 38) Studiesof identical twins reared apart have provided researchers with a lot of clues

The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster Essay -- essays resea

The Square Deal Social Reform to Avoid DisasterAmerica at the turn of the century was a very variant place than it is today. The industrial revolution had set into motion a series of events that empowered and enriched some and nearly enslaved others. Theodore Roosevelts Square Deal was a inevitable response to growing social unrest. A severely unequal distribution of wealth along with poor living and working conditions were leading workers and capitalists to increasingly entire means. By enacting a large body of legislation intended to set right the wrongs in society and using whatever force necessary, Roosevelt avoided what could have been a popular revolution of the working class.The purpose of this essay is to develop a better understanding of Roosevelts Square Deal. An examination of historical events lead provide a clear picture of the outlook in America during the time of Roosevelts presidency that led to the necessity of the legislation and presidential actions that chara cterized reformist Party politics. Roosevelts response was nothing short of precisely what was necessary to remedy the social unrest that was overtaking the working people of America.As is the deterrent example with any major public policy, the Square Deal had its roots in beliefs set forth in the United States Constitution and the basic tenets of Democracy. Without support, large scale of measurement changes to the system go down in history as simply another idealistic effort. Roosevelt believed in his ideas and had a way of pushing policies through that resulted in sweeping changes that avoided catastrophe. Every conscious of the possibility of revolution, Roosevelt sought to avoid it by any means necessary.Beginning in the 1800s, the face of America was changing. As the industrial Revolution took a firm hold here and around the world, the everyday life of common Americans was affected in almost unimaginable ways. Between 1885 and 1945, a sweeping change was taking place through out the world. Large scale mechanization as well as new modern modes of transportation and parley changed the way people looked at the world (Rowland, 1997, p. 14). As thousands of new jobs were created, a large scale urban migration began. People were leaving the far... ... 10, 2005 from SIRS Knowledge Source at http//www.sirs.comPure Food and Drug Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 fromhttp//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_072600_purefoodandd.htmRowland, P. (1997). Designing the modern world the messages of objects, and design, shape our perception of the modern world. Carnegie Magazine, 8, 14+.Sherman antitrust Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 from http//www.bartleby.com/65/sh/ShermanA.htmlThayer, W.R. (1919). The Square Deal in action. Retrieved March 15, 2005 from http//www.bartleby.comThe Interstate Commerce Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 from http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h921.htmlWattenberg, B and Mazzetti, M. (1998). Rough riding into the twentieth ce ntury. American Legion Magazine, 28, 32-36.

Fashion Branding Essay -- Social Identity, Clothes

Fashion BrandingClothing is primarily a means of communicating, not personal identity, tho kind identity as, said by Noesjirwan and Crawford (1982) who defines clothing as a code (McCracken and Roth 1989) or symbolic representation. Clothing has been spoken by many theoriest in the past and they refer clothing as a code, a language, which allows a message to be created and (selectively) understood (Hollander, 1978 Holman, 1980 McCracken and Roth, 1989). Compliance towards a stain today showcases the social strata of the individual or the social group they belong to. If Im wearing a white T-shirt and sneakers, that label Armani will fill in the rest of the teaching about me. I want to give out the right impression, says a customer in a London shop selecting her tenth touch of Armani jeans (Financial Times, 1995). This statement by an individual showcases the importance of faulting. Today if we talk in any industry branding is playing a decisive role. International brand developm ent or entry technique is employed by creation of brand that is recognized as a social brand. Consumers perception today, among the young jejuneness as said by Belk et al., (1981) is consumption-based stereotypes, which means creating a perception about a persons wealth by what they own and not knowing the person. It could be termed as unanimous judgements about the person without actually knowing the person. This paper will look into the academic literary productions available in consumption pattern in fashion brands and would further elaborate in the entry techniques in developing or emerging nation. This paper would also highlight the importance of building brand equity and maintenance of the same. In a put shell this paper would deal with the relations... ...in focus of these brand managers is the short-term financial gain rather than long-term customer relation and profitability. Branding, unlike brand, is a clearly defined and established research area, still it lacks in c onceptualisation similarities (Blumenthal, 2004 Bridson and Evans, 2004). de Chernatony and DallOlmo (1998) say the available branding literature has been failed in developing the boundaries and brand construct that would allow for methodological, epistemological, semantical and formal sets of criteria. de Chernatony and DallOlmo (1998) through their research study proposed a model which lays the foundation for brand theory, thus erect in defining construct and boundaries of brand. In order to set boundaries of the construct of brand twelve themes were proposed by them which, in the branding literature, were categorized as vital propositions.

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy Websters dictionary defines the word educate as to damp and cultivate mentally or morally train instruct teach. I would like to be someone who educates because educators, or teachers, help people and have an set over their students. A teacher is someone who earns respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someones life. When I become a teacher, I want to have an slap-up and structured classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When the children come into the gymnasium, I want them to go into the console room and get dressed to participate and come out and line up on a certain spot, which is assigned to them. Hopefully, by lining them up it go awaying discourage discrimination and let the children make new friends. The walls in the gymnasium and the locker room volition display all the rules and procedures of the class, the gymnasium, the locker room, and the school. It exit also have the policies and various procedures of the school for the students to refer to. The activities will be appropriate. I will inform the students as to where and when equipment is and used. I will inform them as to when it is appropriate to get the equipment out and to put it back in its place. I see myself as a progressive teacher according to my styles of teaching. I will establish a non-authoritarian classroom. This means that I will be asking my students for help in making the rules and consequences for the gymnasium. We will decide the severity of the rule that was small and match it with an equally severe punishment. We will decide as a group what kind of organization we will have in the gymnasium. There will be incentives for good behavior in physical education class. Rewards will vary for many reasons, such as weather, time of year, time, etc. I will inform my students as to what type of teaching s tyle I liked when I was in school and ask them for their opinions on what type they would like, however that does not necessarily mean I will use what they suggest. I might integrate some of their suggestions into my own teaching style.

Short History of Gangs :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, youth groups or gangs have been in existence. These groups have had many negative effects on society for many years. These youth groups or gangs, as they are commonly c each(prenominal)ed, have participated in many criminal and illegal acts that have plagued society. They have been sort out with such negative names as rowdies, bad kids, troublemakers, and many other mischievous names. Some of the earliest records of gangs date back to the fourteenth and fifteenth blow in Europe. Some of the activities that these youths had been recorded as partaking in have been theft, robbery, extortion, and rape. At the same time in London, some of the names these gangs had were the Mims, Hectors, Bugle, and Dead Boys. These gangs did many types of malicious mischief to the city. Some of the recorded vandalism that had taken place was various buildings with broken windows, taverns that had been destroyed by the gangs, and assaulting the watch. And if the violence on the public was not enough, these deviant groups too had fights with themselves. When there would be a fight, the separate groups or factions would dress up with different colored ribbons so that they could tell who was with what faction or group. There were to a fault other places where gang violence had been recorded. During the middle ages in France, there were factions that started fights with other factions that were from other places. In Germany during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, gangs were a part of the society. Gangs did not get along to have spread to the United States until the early 1800s. Many Europeans migrated to the United States, mainly the east coast in seek of a better way of life. after coming to the United States, the money that many of the Europeans had quickly became depleted. Many of these people had to take out loans to survive with local merchants. Seeing how many of the others had little to no money at all, they also had very little chance f or any health care whatsoever. People were dying due to poverty and disease all over. Many people could not take care of there children. It was very common to see children wandering the streets in search of food, shelter, and clothing. These youths that roamed the streets were mainly in the newfangled England areas like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

Short History of Gangs :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, youth groups or gangs adjudge been in existence. These groups have had many a(prenominal) veto effects on society for many years. These youth groups or gangs, as they are commonly called, have representativeicipated in many criminal and illegal acts that have plagued society. They have been stereotyped with such negative names as rowdies, bad kids, troublemakers, and many other mischievous names. Some of the earliest records of gangs date back to the ordinal and fifteenth century in Europe. Some of the activities that these youths had been recorded as partaking in have been theft, robbery, extortion, and rape. At the same time in London, some of the names these gangs had were the Mims, Hectors, Bugle, and defunct Boys. These gangs did many types of vandalism to the city. Some of the recorded vandalism that had taken place was various buildings with broken windows, taverns that had been destroyed by the gangs, and assaulting the watch. And if the vi olence on the public was not enough, these deviant groups also had fights with themselves. When there would be a fight, the separate groups or factions would dress up with different colored ribbons so that they could tell who was with what faction or group. There were also other places where gang violence had been recorded. During the middle ages in France, there were factions that started fights with other factions that were from other places. In Germany during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, gangs were a part of the society. Gangs did not appear to have spread to the United States until the early 1800s. Many Europeans migrated to the United States, generally the east coast in seek of a go bad way of life. After coming to the United States, the money that many of the Europeans had quickly became depleted. Many of these people had to take out loans to survive with local merchants. Seeing how many of the others had little to no money at all, they also had very little chan ce for any health care whatsoever. People were dying due to scantness and disease all over. Many people could not take care of there children. It was very common to see children wandering the streets in search of food, shelter, and clothing. These youths that roamed the streets were mainly in the New England areas like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

Plato’s Objection to Poetry Essay

He was the first systemic critic who inquired into the nature of imaginative writings and put forward theories which be both illuminating and provocative. He was himself a great poet and his dialogues atomic number 18 full of his gifted dramatic quality. His Dialogues be the classic works of the area literature having dramatic, melodic and fictional elements. According to him all stratagems are mimic or mimetic in nature. He wrote in The body politic that ideas are the ultimate humanity. Things are conceived as ideas before they remove working shapes. So, idea is accredited and the thing is copy of that idea. Carpenters head is the result of the idea of chair in his mind. Thus chair is once take away from reality. But painters chair is imitation of carpenters chair. So it is twice removed machinate reality.Thus artist/poet takes man away from reality rather than towards it. Thus artist deals in illusion. 1. Platos remonstrance to Poetry from the headway of settin g of Education a. In The democracy Book II He condemns rime as fostering evil habits and vices in children. Homers epics were part of studies. Heroes of epics were non examples of sound or ideal morality. They were lusty, cunning, and cruel war mongers. Even Gods were no violate. (Troy-Achilles beheding Apollos statue, oracles molested insults of Gods, Gods fight among themselves, they punish instead of forgivenessAhaliya-Indra, Kuntis children, Narads regression to marry, Hercules son of Zeus and Alcmene, Heras jealousy-snakes-fenzy to kill children)b. Plato writes if we mean our future guardians to reckon the habit of quarreling among themselves as of all things the basest, no word should be said to them of the wars in the heaven, or of the plots and fighting of the gods against unmatchable a nonher, for they are not received. If they would precisely believe as we would tell them that quarreling is unholy, and that never up to this time has there been any quarreling be tween citizens these tales (of epics) must not be admitted into our State, whether they are supposed(a) to have allegorical centre or not. c. Thus he objected on the ground that poem does not cultivate good habits among children. 2. Objection from Philosophical point of posta. In The Republic Book X Poetry does not lead to, precisely drives us away form the realization of the ultimate reality the Truth. b. Philosophy is better than rime because Philosophy deals with idea and poesy is twice removed from original idea. c. Plato says The imitator or maker of the image knows nothing of true existence he knows appearance only . The mimetic art is an indifferent who marries an inferior and has inferior offspring.(Dorotheas ideal in Middlemarch shattered, Kshtriya dharma not to hit enemy without weapon, Tesss providence, evil wins & God is silent, empty-handed virtue) 3. Objection form the Moral point of viewa. In the same book in The Republic Soul of man has higher principles o f reason (which is the essence of its being) as well as glare constituted of baser impulses and emotions. Whatever encourages and changes the keen principle is good, and emotional is bad. b. Poetry amniotic fluid and nourishes the baser impulses of men emotional, sentimental and griefful. c. Plato says Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul notwithstanding he will prefer the ablaze and fitful temper, which is easily limited . And therefore we shall be right in refusing to admit him into a well-ordered state, because he awakens and nourishes and strengthen the toni urban centers and impairs the reason Poetry feeds and waters the passion instead of drying them up she lets them rule, although they ought to be controlled, if mankind are ever to increase in happiness and virtuePlatos Objection to numbersPlato was the follower of Socrates, a great poet, a mystic and a philosopher. He was not a professed critic but his objections are found in forms of speech and dialogues in The Ion, the Symposium & the Republic and the Laws. Platos three main objections to metrical composition are that poetry is not ethical, philosophic and pragmatic. (i) His Objection From Educational Point of View - In The Republic Plato condemns poetry (art) as cultivating evil habits and vices in children. As he thought that the description in the poetry is Twice removed from Reality and it is not traffic with real, practical world. So, he does not want his future guardians to learn all such things that are mere imitation of imitation. (ii) Feedback to Educational Point of View - Plato objected poetry on the basis of education, by saying that it cultivates evil habits and not practical. But it is not so about all the poems or all the arts.As at that time Homers epics were the part of studies and in them heroes were lusty, cunning and cruel dealing only with war and other things. Even the portrayal of Gods & Goddesses was imperfect as they were in any case depicted quarreling and fighting. So Plato objected arts (poetry). But he did not understand that poetry also has true(a), allegorical or connoted meaning. (iii) Platos Disagreement on Philosophical Point of View - Plato states that, Philosophy deals with idea and poetry are twice removed from the original idea. So, Philosophy is better than poetry. As it nurtures the rational impulses of human being and not the emotional, this is better than later one. He even says that, The imitator or maker of the image knows nothing of true existence he knows appearance only The imitative art is an inferior who marries an inferior and has inferior offspring. In his Theory of Mimesis.(iv) Response to Philosophical Point of View - Plato stated that poetry is away from reality and it is imitation only, but this imitation is not a slavish copy like a photocopy work, but a fanciful one. In response to Plat o, R.A.Scott quotes that, But though the poet creates or sothing less than reality, he also creates something more. This more is intuition and perception which is demand to lead towards reality.(v) Platos claim of poetry against Morality - In The Republic Plato said that, soul of man has higher rational and lower emotional impulses. Poetry waters and nourishes the lower impulses instead of drying them up. He calls it as needless lamentation and ecstasies at the ideational events of sorrow and happiness. Plato being a moralist even objected male dominance and female exploitation. (vi) answer to Moral Point of View -AS a moralist Plato says that poetry does not teach morality, but teaching is not the procedure of art or poetry. It is to deal with aesthetic pleasure only. Even by description of male dominance or female exploitation the poet has a good intention of make people against it and not to promote it. So, Plato opposed art in general and poetry in particular, but his app roximately famous disciple, critic, scholar logician and practical philosopher- Aristotle and other critics and poets like R.A. Scott, David Daiches, etc. defended them on various other angles.Platos Objection to poetryPlatos theory of Mimesis The arts deal with illusion or they are imitation of an imitation. Twice removed from reality. As a moralist Plato disapproves of poetry because it is immoral, as a philosopher he disapproves of it because it is based in falsehood. Philosophy is better than poetry because philosopher deals with idea/truth, whereas poet deals with what appears to him/illusion. He believed that truth of Philosophy was more important than pleasure of poetry. Plato was the most distinguished disciple of Socrates. The 4th century of BC to which he belonged was rotter age of inquiry and as such Platos chief interest was Philosophical investigations which form the subject of his great works in form of Dialogues. He was not a professed critic of literature and hi s critical observations are not found in any single book. They lie scattered in seven of his dialogues more particularly in The Ion, The Republic and The Laws.He was the first systemic critic who inquired into the nature of imaginative literature and put forward theories which are both illuminating and provocative. He was himself a great poet and his dialogues are full of his gifted dramatic quality. His dialogues are the classic works of the world literature having dramatic, lyrical and fictional elements. According to him all arts are imitative or mimetic in nature. He wrote in The Republic that ideas are the ultimate reality. Things are conceived as ideas before they take practical shapes. So, idea is original and the thing is copy of that idea. Carpenters chair is the result of the idea of chair in his mind. Thus chair is once removed from reality. But painters chair is imitation of carpenters chair. So, it is twice removed from reality. Thus, artist/ poet take man away from rea lity rather than towards it. Thus, artist deals in illusion. Platos three main objections to poetry are that poetry is not ethical, Philosophical and pragmatic, in other words, he objected to poetry from the point of view of Education, from Philosophical point of view and moral point of view.It is not ethical because it promotes undesirable passions, it is not philosophical because it does not provide true association, and it is inferior to the practical arts and therefore has no educational value. Plato then makes a challenge to poets to defend themselves against his criticisms. Ironically it was Platos most famous student, Aristotle, who was the first theorist to defend literature and poetry in his writing. Poetics Throughout the Republic Plato condemns art in all forms including literature or poetry. Despite the fact that he wrote, Plato advocates the spoken word over. The written word, he ranks imitation on a lower plan than narrative, even though his feature works read like d ramatic scripts. (The Republic is written in dialogues form with characters doing all the talking).It appears as though his reasoning is that imitation of reality is not in itself bad, but imitation without arrangement and reason is.Plato felt that poetry, like all forms of art, appeals to the inferior part of the soul, the irrational, and emotional cowardly part. The reader of poetry is seduced into feeling undesirable emotions. To Plato, an appreciation of poetry is incompatible with an appreciation of reason. Justice and the search for Truth. In the Ion, he suggests that poetry causes needless lamentation and ecstasies at the imaginary events of sorrow and happiness. It numbs the faculty of reason for the time being. Paralyses the balanced thought and encourages the weaker part of soul constituted of the baser impulses. Hence poetry has no healthy functions and it cannot be called good. To him drama is the most dangerous form of literature because the author is imitating things that he/she does not understand. Plato seemingly feels that no condemn drama from one source a faculty understanding of reality. Miscommunication, confusion and ignorance were facets of a corrupted comprehension of what Plato perpetually strived for- Truth. Plato is, above all, a moralist.His primary objective in The Republic is come up with the most righteous, scintillating way to live ones life and to convince others to live this way. Everything else should conform in order to achieve this perfect state. Plato considers poetry useful only as a means of achieving this state that is only useful if it helps one to become a better person and if it does not, it should be expelled from the community. Platos question in Book 10 is the intellectual status of literature. He states that the good poet cannot compose well unless he knows his subject and he who do not have this knowledge can never be a poet, Plato says of imitative poetry and Homer, a man is not to be reverenced more than th e truth. Plato says this because he believes that Homer speaks of many things of which he has no knowledge, just as the painter who paints a calculate of a chair does not necessarily know how to make a chair. His point is that in order to copy or imitate correctly, one must have knowledge of the original. Plato says that imitation is twice removed from the truth.Stories that are untrue have no value as no untrue story should be told in the city. He states that nothing can be learned from imitative poetry. Platos description on poetry in The Republic is overwhelmingly ban. In Books 2 and 3 Platos main concern about poetry is that childrens minds are too impressionable to be reading false tales and misrepresentations of the truth. As stated in Book 2, for a young person cannot judge what is allegorical and what is literal anything that he receives into his mind at that age is likely to become indelible and unalterable, and therefore it is most important that the tales which the you ng first hear should be models of harmless thought. He is essentially saying that children cannot tell the difference between fiction and reality and this compromises their ability to discern right from wrong. Thus, children should not be exposed to poetry so that later in life they will be able to seek the Truth without having a preconceived or misrepresented view of reality.Plato reasons that literature that portrays the gods as behaving in immoral ways should be kept away from children, so that they will not be influenced to act the scene way. Another objection is that it is often viewed as portraying either male dominance or female exploitation people argue that this should not be the way the world works therefore, it is not the Truth. These claims sound much like the claims that Plato is trying to make when he asserts that certain poetry should be kept out of the hands of children. term the power of censorship can be abused, Plato seemed to believe that his stance is justifie d because he is trying to make children grow to be good, moral individuals. While Plato has some very negative views on the value of literature, he also states the procedures that he feels are undeniable in order to change poetry and literature from something negative to something positive. He does feel that some literature can have redeeming values.Good, truthful literature can educate instead of corrupting children. In the city Plato would allow only hymns to the gods and praises to famous men. Plato does not want literature to corrupt the mind he wants it do display images of beauty and grace. Platos view whitethorn be deemed narrow minded by todays society, but one must remember that Plato lived over 2000 years ago. He probably wrote The Republic with the best intentions for the people of his time. While his views on censorship and poetry whitethorn even seem outland today, Platos goal was to state what he judged to be the guidelines for a better human existence.1) Platos Objec tion to poetry from the point of view of Education a) In the Republic Book 2- He condemns poetry as expel evil habits were in children. Homers epics were part of studies. Heroes of epics were not examples of sound or ideal morality. They were lusty, cunning, and cruel war mongers. Even Gods were no better (Troy- Achilles behead Apollos statue, oracles molested insults of Gods, Gods fight among themselves, they punish instead of forgivenessAhalya- Indra, Kuntis children, narads obsession to marry, Hercules son of Zeus and Almene, Heras jealousy- shakes-Frenzy to kill children)b) Plato writes if we mean our future guardians to regard the habit of quarreling among themselves as of all things the bests, no word should be said to them of the wars in the heaven or of the plots and fighting of the gods against one another, for they are not true If they would only believe as we would tell them that quarreling is unholy, and that never up to this time has there been any quarreling between citizen.These tales (of epics) must not be admitted into our state, whether they are supposed to have allegorical meaning or not. c) Thus, he objected on the ground that poetry does not cultivate good habits among children.2) Objection from Philosophical point of viewa) In The Republic Book 10 poetry does not lead to, but derives us away from the realization of the ultimate reality- the Truth. b) Philosophy is better than poetry because Philosophy deals with idea and poetry is twice removed from original. c) Plato says The imitator or maker of the images knows nothing of true existence he knows appearance only The imitative art is an inferior who marries an inferior has inferior offspring.Dorotheas ideal in Middle march shattered, Kshtriya drama-not to hit enemy without weapon, Tesss providence, evil wins and God is silent, unrewarded virtue3) Objection from the Moral point of viewa) In the same book in The Republic soul of man has higher principles of reason. (Which is the essence of its being) as well as lower constituted of baser impulses and strengthens the rational principle is good and emotional is bad. b) Poetry waters and nourishes the baser impulses of men emotional sentimental and sorrowful. c) Plato says Then the imitative poet who aims at being popular is not by nature made, nor is his art intended, to please or to affect the rational principle in the soul but he will prefer the passionate and fitful temper, which is easily limited. And therefore we shall be right in refusing to admit him into a well-ordered state, because he awakens and nourishes and strengthen the feelings and impairs the reasonpoetry feeds and waters the passion instead of drying them us she lets them rule, although, if mankind are ever to increase in happiness and virtue. There are Platos principle charges on poetry and objection to it.Before we pass on any judgment, we should not forget to keep in view the time in which he lived. During his time 1) Plato says that art being th e imitation of the actual is removed from truth. It only gives the likeness of a thing in concrete and the likeness is always less than real. But Plato fails to understand that art also give something more which is absent in the actual. The artist does not simply reflect the real in the manner of a mirror. Art is not slavish imitation of reality. Literature is not the photographic reproduction of life in all its totality. It is the representation of selected events and characters necessary in a coherent action for the realization of artists purpose (Namesake Jhumpa Lahiri and Mira Nair). He even exalts idealizes and imaginatively recreates a world which has its own meaning and beauty. These elements, present in art are absent in the raw and rough real. R.A Scott-James rightly conservesbut though he creates something less than that reality. He also creates something more. He puts an idea into it. He gives his intuition of certain distinctive and essential qualities. This more this i ntuition and perception is the aim of the artist. Artistic creation cannot be moderately criticized on the ground that it is not the creation in concrete terms of things and beings. Thus, considered it does not take us away from the Truth but leads us to the essential reality of life.2) Plato again says that art is bad because it does not inspire virtue, does not teach morality. But it teaching the function of the art? Is it the aim of the artist? The function of art is to provide aesthetic, express emotions and life. It should never be confused with the function of ethics which is simply. If he fails in doing so, he is a bad artist. There is no other criterion to judge his worth. R.A Scott-James observes Morality teaches art does not attempt to teach. It merely asserts it is thus or thus that life is perceived to be. That is my bit of reality, says the artist. withstand it or leave it- drew any lessons you like from it- that is my grievance of things as they are- if it has any v alue to you as evidence or teaching, use it, but that is not my business I have given you my rendering, my account, my vision, my dream, my illusion- call it what you will. If yours is any lesson in it, it is yours to draw, not mine to preach. Similarly Platos charge that needless lamentations and ecstasies at the imaginary events of sorrow and happiness encourage weaker part of soul and numbs faculty of reason.This charge is defended by Aristotle in his Theory of Catharsis. David Daiches summarizes Aristotles views in reply to Platos charges in brief Tragedy gives new knowledge, yields aesthetic satisfaction and produces a better state of mind. 3) Plato judges poetry now from the educational standpoint, now from the philosophical one and then from the ethical one. But he does not care to consider it from its own unique standpoint. He does not define its aims. He forgets that everything should be judged in terms of its own aims and objective its own criteria of merit and demerits. W e cannot fairly maintain that music is bad because it does not paint, or that painting is bad because it does not sing. Similarly, we can not say that poetry is bad because it does not teach philosophy of ethics. If poetry, philosophy and ethics had identical function, how could they be different subject? To denounce poetry because it is not philosophy or ideal is clearly absurd.1) Platos Valuable Contribution to Literary Criticism In spite of Platos prejudices against poetry and art in general he remains the first great philosopher of arts. His findings about the nature of imaginative literature and representational fine arts remain valid even today. He has laid the first foundation brick of systematic literary criticism. His valuable contributions are following 1) According to Wimsalt and Brooks In Ion, Plato has drawn our direction to two principles (1) being able to compose poetry is not the same as to give rational of it (2) Poetry is not concerned with making scenic recitals .2) He is the first critic to point that literature represents in a refined version the raw material supplied by life itself. Poetry may be called imitation of recreation. But the basic fact is that it derives its subject from life itself and from the world. It cannot invent anything that is never observed. R.A Scott-James is quite right when he says To him we owe the first statement of the mimetic or imitation character of art. 3) Plato also right in saying that the only aim of the poet is to please the people, though his disapproved and denounce of the poet on this account is not fair. 4) It was Platos insight that discovered for the first time that all the fine arts have common aims although they employ different media. Scott-James observes Having got thus far, we observe that he has discovered a real community between all the fine arts. A poet who makes a poem and a painter who points a picture are engaged in the same sort of activity. They do not use4 the same medium, but other wise they are engaged on the same task. Thus, as a moralist, he made some errors but he gave some important starting points to judge literary art.

Linguistics and Child Essay

address is a military personnel tendency to communicate with another(prenominal)s and this could underlie the emergence of style. Montessori said, To talk is in the nature of man. Humans needed nomenclature in order to communicate, and soon, the powers that come with language were revealed. The evolution of the human language began when communication was through through pictograms or pictures and drawings. It then discontinueed into ideograms when pictures began to turn into symbols. Later, these symbols became wrangling, words complex letters, vowels emerged, one symbol came to represent one sound, an alphabet was created, and then came the alphabet we now use today.And just as language evolved hundreds of thousands of years ago, it also changes with each(prenominal) generation. The importance of language is essential to every aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform the people around us of what we feel, what we desire, and dubiety / unders tand world around us. We communicate effectively with our words, gestures and tone of voice in a multitude of situation. Communication drives our lives. The Language Development of the Child To benefactor the infant in his development in language, the Montessori classroom is designed to help the tiddler reach the 3rd occlusion of consciousness.Because the learning of language is not assumee through subjects as in a normal classroom, the pip-squeak is learning at his own rhythm. This eitherows the youngster to concentrate on the learning of each master(prenominal) step in language so that each progressive step is done easily and with by any thought on the part of the child. The special fabric also plays an important role in aiding the child develop the powers of communication and expression, of organization and classification, and the development of thought. But the most important tool in the childs learning of language lies within the directress.She must support the child in his learning give him order to classify what he has learned, to help the child build self-confidence, and to provide the child with meaningful activities. The directress is the childs best source in language development As the child leaves the Montessori classroom aft(prenominal) the age of six, he will have become an articulate person, being able to communication his feelings in well-formed sentences and in writing. He will be able to relieve these thoughts and feelings in a skillful handwriting.He will have the ability to write in different styles and ab push through a physical body of subjects. The child will have total reading and a sense of the home language at a level where he will be the master of his words. How do children acquire language? Number of Children acquires language quickly, easily, and without effort or formal teaching. It happens automatically, whether their p atomic number 18nts try to teach them or not. Although pargonnts or other c betakers dont teach their children to speak, they do perform an important role by talking to their children.Children who are never spoken to will not acquire language. And the language must be used for interaction with the child for example, a child who regularly hears language on the TV or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk. Children acquire language in stages, and different children reach the various stages at different times. The order, in which these stages are reached, however, is virtually unceasingly the same. An excellent guide to this moment in life is linguist Dr. Charles Yangs book The Infinite Gift How Children Learn and Unlearn the Languages of the World.Dr. Yang, who teaches at the University of Pennsylvania, ably reveals the complexities of the operate while also showing us why these complexities are mastered so naturallyand so beautifullyby children all over the world, disregardless of the language theyre learning. Following his guided tour of language learning, we hobo e ven begin to appreciate the astonishing truth that, as he says, Children are infinitely better at learning languages than we are. -Dr. Charles Yang Montessori Prepared Environment The prepared environment is Maria Montessoris concept that the environment can be designed to facilitate maximum independent learning and exploration by the child. In the prepared environment, thither is a variety of activity as well as a great deal of movement. In a preschool classroom, for example, a three-year-old may be washing clothes by hand while a four-year-old nearby is composing words and phrases with letters known as the movable alphabet, and a five-year-old is performing multiplication using a specially designed set of beads.In an elementary classroom, a small group of six- to nine-year-old children may be using a timeline to learn about extinct animals while another child chooses to decease alone, analyzing a poem using special grammar symbols. Sometimes an entire class may be involved i n a group activity, such as storytelling, singing, or movement. In the calm, ordered space of the Montessori prepared environment, children clear on activities of their own choice at their own pace. They experience a blend of immunity and self-discipline in a place especially designed to meet their developmental needsHow Is Language Encouraged In Montessori Prepared Environment Language is a communication that human beings have cooperated with each other to solve common problems. This is through communication based on written and oral language in peculiar(a) that each generation has passed on its accumulated wisdom to the next. Language, we may say, grow with human thought. -Dr. Maria Montessori The learning of language is truly the childs most amazing intellectual achievement, and is remarkably skilled rapidly in a very short period of time. By merely existing and without any conscious effort the individualabsorbs from the environment even a complex cultural like language. -El izabeth G. Hainstock .The language explosive happenings and eruptions in his powers of expression the itch is aware that human voices from the mouth and they will cries differently for different needs and smiles when sees us, this things all will happen from birth till 3 months old . while at about 4-6 months old they will start to babbling sounds more speech-like with more different sounds, including p, b and m While they will chuckles and laughs vocalizes excitement and annoyance.At about 10 month old, Montessori believe that children may understood that there is purpose for the voices which coming out from mouth of a human. In conclusion we can say that as the child leaves the Montessori classroom after the age of six, they will have become a communicative person, being able to communication his feelings in well-formed sentences and in writing. He will be able to write these thoughts and feelings in a skillful handwriting. He will have the ability to write in different styles and about a variety of subjects.The child will have total reading and a sense of the home language at a level where he will be the master of his words. The Montessori Teacher and Her Role The instructor, when she begins to work in our schools, must have a kind of conviction that the child will reveal himself through work. She must free herself from all preconceived ideas concerning the levels at which the children may be. The many different types of children . . . must not baffle her. . . . The teacher must believe that this child ahead her will show his true nature when he finds a piece of work that attracts him. So what must she look out for?-Dr. Maria Montessori The Montessori teacher is known as a directress because of her role within the setting. She will guide and direct the children through their studies, and observation is predominate to the approach. She plays more of an active role with the younger children, demonstrating the use of equipment and presenting opportunit ies for development. She intervenes less and less as the childs independence grows as he develops. The relationship amid a Montessori teacher and a child is very important. Her qualities should consist of a calm, warm, friendly manner and a pleasant appearance.Although we do not aim to be perfect, a lack of self-awareness in a teacher can put barriers between herself and a child, such as anger and pride. Of course we are human and do feel angry at times, but it is down to the teacher to deal with her emotions and put those feelings away safely. Children need to know what to expect from a teacher and feel secure if she is firm, but kind. The Montessori teacher waits patiently, watches the child, anticipating his needs, but neither fusses or interferes she only does what is appropriate. She must give the child opportunity to lean through doing himself through this he can construct independence.The teacher becomes a direct link between the child and his environment. She will show him how to use the materials and how to wait to have a turn. The Montessori teacher must care for the environment and uphold a safe, loving atmosphere. She must watch and direct the children down spontaneous learning paths and be reactive to a childs changing needs, assisting him to acquire independence and self-discipline. The Absorbent Mind and the Sensitive Periods Montessori saw the spongy mind in two phases. During the jump phase, from birth to three years old, the young child unknowingly or unconsciously acquires his basic abilities.She called it the period of unconscious creation or the unconscious absorbent mind. The childs work during this period is to become independent from the adult for his basic human functions. He learns to speak, to walk, to gain control of his hands and to master his physical functions. Once these basic skills are incorporated into his schema, by about three years old, he moves into the next phase of the absorbent mind, which Montessori called the pe riod of conscious work or the conscious absorbent mind. During this period, the childs mathematical mind compels him to perfect in himself that which is now there.His fundamental task during this phase is emancipation freedom to move purposefully, freedom to choose and freedom to concentrate. the physical baby developed in utero, the mental or psychic baby must complete his embryotic growth outside the womb. Montessori said that a man, . . . is like an object turned out by hand. 6 Once he is born, the babys specialised interaction with his surroundings casts his mental life and uniquely shapes him. It is now that he absorbs his mother tongue and comes to love his place of birth. Thus, this spiritual embryo needs a concentrated relationship with his parents and milieu to form his individual self.Montessori observed that adults often fail to do what is essential at this time, . . . because of the habit we have of thinking the child has no mental life. -Dr. .Maria Montessori The i n the altogether period for movement is most intense during the first year of life. Montessori reminds us that, (n) o other mammal has to learn to walk. 18 The baby, unable at birth to control any of his movements, doesnt even know he has hands and feet. But by about twelve months many babies take their first steps. Walking develops without it being taught. An infants need to walk is so strong that he becomes upset if he is impeded.The final sensitive period is that for language. No one teaches the child to talk. His language, . . . develops naturally like a spontaneous creation. Of all the auditory stimulation surrounding the baby, it is the human voice that he deeply hears and imitates. By six months, hes uttering his first syllables, by one year his first intentional word. By one year, nine months he uses a few phrases, and by about two years old he explodes into language. 26 He talks and talks non-stop. By the time he is three years old he is speaking in sentences and paragraphs with proper syntax and grammar.He can fully express himself to get his needs met. During the period of the conscious absorbent mind he will expand his vocabulary immensely. He wants huge words and funny words and rhyming words and words in songs. Our Montessori environments, rich in vocabulary, meet his word hunger perfectly. . How do the language materials prepare the child and which language materials prepared for writing and reading? Montessori uses to develop these cultural skills are to build on the sounds of which speech is made. The earliest language activities prepare the child for writing and reading by first augmenting the toddlers existing speaking skills.These preparatory language activities may Begin as soon as the child is talking with meaning in phrases and short sentences. The language activities enhance the childs attention to and use of words in every speaking and train the child to hear the component sounds in all spoken words example I SPY GAME, at this point, t he child is provided with the bridge between the spoken word and the written word the component sounds in spoken words are individually associated with particular visual and tactile images, that is letters example SAND PAPER LATERS.After this early preparation, the activities that actually maintain writing and reading are conducted simultaneously. The key activities that introduces writing is the use of the MOVABLE ALPHABET, the child applies the lessons of the sand paper letters that is, the association of specific sound with particular images to make words. A word is sounded out as in the I SPY activity, and plastic letters, shaped exactly like the sand paper letters, are lined up on a mat represent the sounds. The presentation of the movable alphabets stresses that writing is used to record a thought, and that thought can be written instead of spoken.Introducing writing by means of pre- formed plastic letters allows the child to begin to express thoughts in written form the be fore fully developing the manipulative skills needed to write with pencil and paper. While the child becomes familiar with the act of written expression, the manipulative skills of handwriting are little by little developed through the tactile tracing of the sand paper letters and the creative use of the METAL INSETS, and other later activities facilities the transition from Movable rudiment to blackboard writing and then to pencil and paper.It is important to note that at this early stage of learning to write, words that the child writes spelled phonetically, as best as the child can. The adult must refrain from making recite corrections to the childs composition in these activities. The child is allowed to misspell because correct spelling will come naturally with reading, and because the effort anxiety connect with learning to spell may be enough to cancel the simple pleasure of expression. In these early stages, it is plenty of time later for refining basic skills.The key act ivity that introduces reading is the presentation of the OBJECT BOXES. The objects these refer to are placed out on a mat, and the child is invited to guess which of these objects you are thinking about. Then the child is given the objects written name as a clue. This approach clearly stresses that the purpose of reading is to find out another persons ideas. What makes this first instruction to reading easy for the child is that there are only a few things that you might be thinking of, and all of them are on mat.So when its time to sound out the word, the sounding need not be entirely accurate, since the child is all the while looking over things, and looking over things of their names. Staring to read is normally so difficult because the word which the child is struggling to pronounce could be virtually and word in the English language. So writing and reading are introduced as fun and a useful activity to childrens with the language materials, which can also help us understand and appreciate the world, and share ideas and experiences with other people.

Software Development Outsourcing

Outsourcing is an arrangement in which one company provides services for another company that could also be or usually rent been provided in-house. Nowadays, outsourcing is a trend in a competitive software cultivation and it is expanding all over the world. software package development is very much suitable for the bettor working of a company. This means that another company is hired to do the task of software development. Outsourcing the software development projects can be advantageous, but sometimes if it is incorrectly executed, it can result to unusable projects. In this article, lets see some of its advantages and disadvantages.The advantages of Software Development Outsourcing Cost efficiency companies dont have to worry about acquire expensive software and hardware. Software development technology indulge it. Lower Training cost it is very expensive thing to give trainings to the new employees. Normally, lead or more days are consumed. So, by hiring services from a so ftware outsourcing company, the time and efforts are saved. Time due to strict time draw and quarter of some software projects, it is become required to outsource a component of software development projects in order to meet the time demand of the projects.Software companies take credit of immediate pool of skilled developers. Skills in a situation like software companies outsource, sometimes need a skilled power for software development technologies. The disadvantages of Software Development Outsourcing Disappointment companies can produce compute of a poor quality. It involves here who will be the responsible for maintaining the code or project. Need of Constant Management one of the main reason why projects fail because there is no good manager. A leader who is in constant communication to the clients and also understands the needs or requirements of the clients.Testing is more difficult generally, testing phase is the most difficult stage in systems development life cycl e. You will undergo more testing cases. If you test a piece of software that was developed in an offshore in-house and find a problem, so theres a need to communicate to the offshore vendor. This could cause problems because the offshore vendor might not be able to propagate the problem. It could possibly easy to micturate the problem if they could see the machine. Or maybe the problem is not properly communicated. These are the different advantages and disadvantages of software development outsourcing.

Management Consultancy – Solutions Manual Chapter 19

MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY Solutions Manual CHAPTER 19 SOURCES OF INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM FINANCING DEBT AND EQUITY I. Questions 1. The bond agreement specifies such basic items as the par value, the coupon rate, and the maturity date. 2. The priority of claims can be determined as follows senior secured debt, junior secured debt, senior debenture, subordinated debenture, preference sh atomic return 18s, ordinary contributions. 3. Bond conversion. 4. The advantages of debt are a. Interest payments are tax deductible. b. The financial obligation is clearly specified and of a fixed nature. . In an inflationary economy, debt may be paid hindquarters with cheaper pesos. d. The use of debt, up to a prudent point, may lower the cost of capital to the firm. The disadvantages are a. Interest and principal payment obligations are set by contract and must be paid regardless of economic circumstances. b. Bond indenture agreements may place burdensome restrictions on the firm. c. Debt, utiliz ed beyond a given point, may serve as a depressant on outstanding ordinary tracts. 19-1 Chapter 19 Sources of fair and Long-term Financing Debt and EquityII. Multiple preference 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. D D D B A C C E D B C D D A D 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. D C B A C A C B B B A A C C B 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. A C D A C C A A D C C A D B C Supporting computations 16. Px = where Px Po N S = = = = value of a share5 (Po x N) + ex-rights food market value of share rights-on N + 1 number of rights required to bargain for one share subscription outlay per share Hence, Px = = = P72 360 (P75 x 4) + P60 5 the term loan 5 18.The following schedule applies for theme Balance P5000 Interest x (1 Tc ) P195 19-2 Principal Payment P1000 Ending Balance P4000 grade 1 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing Debt and Equity Chapter 19 2 3 4 5 4000 3000 2000 1000 156 117 78 39 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 2000 1000 -0- The present value of engagement after taxes at 12% is calculated to be P453. 49. 19. After the tax benefit, the annual cost of leasing is P1,400 (1 . 35) = P910. The present value annuity factor for four days at 12% is 3. 0373.The present value cost of the lease is the cost of the first payment plus the present value of the four future payments, or P910 + P910 (3. 0373) = P3,673. 94. 20. The present value annuity factor for five stratums at 12% is 3. 6048. Therefore, the present value of principal payments is P1,000 (3. 6048) = P3,604. 80. The present value cost of the purchase option is the present value of principal payments or P3,604. 80 plus P453. 49 which equals P4,058. 29. III. Problems PROBLEM 1 (CAM FURNITURE COMPANY) a. Proposal 1 10 year 12 percent bonds CAM FURNITURE COMPANY 19-3Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing Debt and Equity Income P30,000 Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 3* Estimated sales aims Sale s.. P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 Operating costs 360,000 Operating income .. 40,000 60,000 80,000 14,000 14,000 Interest charges 14,000 Net income before taxes . 26,000 46,000 66,000 23,000 33,000 Income taxes . 3,000 P 23,000 P 33,000 Net income. P 13,000 Outstanding shares = = 10,000 * EPS (P36 market value price earnings ratio of 12) net profit per share P1. 30 Price-earnings ratio 10 times Estimated market value P100,000 P13 33 1/3 Proposal 2 banausic share issue to yield P33-1/3 P2. 30 10 times P23 P3. 30 10 times P33 CAM FURNITURE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Sales.. Operating costs Operating income ..Interest charges Net income before taxes . Income taxes . Net income. Outstanding shares = Estimated sales levels P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 360,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 38,000 58,000 78,000 29,000 39,000 19,000 P 29,000 P 39,000 P 19,000 + 10,000 = 13,000 shares Earnings per share Price-ear nings ratio Estimated market value P1. 46 12 times P17. 52 19-4 P2. 23 12 times P26. 76 P3. 00 12 times P36. 00Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing Debt and Equity Chapter 19 b. Within the constraints of this problem, two possible objectives emerge profit maximization as measured by earnings per share and wealth maximization as measured by the price of the ordinary shares. If profit maximization is used, the firm should choose to finance the new product by selling bonds, since earnings per share is higher for each of the three levels of sales. On the other hand, wealth maximization would require the sale of new ordinary shares because share price is higher at each sales level.Wealth maximization is the preferred criterion for financial decision making. Unlike profit maximization, it represents a measure of the hit benefits stream to be enjoyed by the shareholders, adjusted for both the timing of benefits and the risk associated with the receipt thereof. A criterion that ignores these two important determinants of value cannot be pass judgment to provide a proper guide to decision making. Because wealth maximization is the preferred objective, the sale of ordinary shares is the recommended financing technique. c.Proposal 2 would still be the choice, because the market value remains above that of Proposal 1. The difference is getting smaller, however, which means that Proposal 1 would become attractive if sales reached a higher level (approximately P1. 6 million). d. The investment banker would suggest that lower price-earnings ratio with debt financing is a reflection of the greater returns demanded by shareholders in compensation for the variability in earnings and higher risk of bankruptcy created by the fixed commitment to pay debt interest and principal.PROBLEM 2 (FAYE INDUSTRIES, INC. ) Faye Industries Inc. Pro Forma Consolidated Income Statement Including Earnings per honey oil allot and Return on Average Common Shareholders Equity For the Year Ending November 30, 2006 (P000 omitted except per share amounts) (1) Issuing (2) Selling Long-term Preference (3) Selling Ordinary 19-5 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing Debt and Equity Bonds P12,978 1,273 1,530 2,083 10,175 4,070 6,105 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023 1,658 5,365 55,028 P60,393 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023Earnings before interest and taxes Interest on Current debt (P13,395 x 9. 5%) Alternative 1 (P15,300 x 10%) fundamental interest Income before income tax Income taxes (40%) Net income Preference share dividends (P15,300,000 P120) x 13% Earnings available to common shareholders Add Common shareholders equity December 1, 1999 Equity financing Common shareholders equity November 30, 2000 Average common shares outstanding (in thousands) December 1, 1999 balance Additional issued December 1 Total (and average) shares outstanding Pro forma earnings per share (P6,105 P0) 26,330 (P7,023 P1,658) 26,330 (P7. 23 P0 ) 33,980 6,105 55,028 P61,133 7,023 55,028 15,300 P77,351 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 7,650 33,980 = = = P0. 2319 P0. 2038 P0. 2067 Estimated return on average common shareholders equity P6,105 (P55,028 P61,133) 2 = P5,365 (P55,028 P60,393) 2 = P7,023 (P70,328 P77,351) 2 = 10. 51% 9. 30% 9. 511% 19-6

Are Teen Age Years The Best Essay

Are Teenage year the best of your life? The teenage years are considered the best years of your life that is what magazine. Im going to tell you wherefore they are not. First you are always looked at to succeed by your parents, the lack of independence we get and last but not least we are considered lairs and criminal among todays society.One of the disadvantages of macrocosm a teenager is that we are always looked to succeed in school so you female genitalia do and be better then them. They also vocalize if we fool around the future for us is going the extinguished.Other disadvantage of being a teen is the lack of freedom we get. Sure we might red-hot in a free country but are we all free? The freedom that Im talking about is staying up late, melting(a) and school. Staying up late I dont know about you but I ca-ca to get home before my parents I cant even be in front of my house to the wee hours of the morning. Working is another one we another one we cant work on weekdays because my Dad says it will effect my school work how will he know if he doesnt give it a chance. School is the finish off of all we cant even wear earrings because its not part of the uniform I understand that but the shaving is just dumb how could you order someone to do something that comes in naturally. It is like telling someone you have to get a hair cut every week. Its violating our freedom of expressing.The worst part of being a teenager is that we are considered lairs and criminals among our society. For example if a bunch of teens walk into a variety store the owners automatically conceptualise we are going to rob them but the only thing we want is a little snack. The other thing is lying adults never believe teens why you ask? I dont really know. For example a teacher and a student get into an argument and its the teachers fault the principle is going to believe the teacher because they dont tell lies.So with the facts that I just stated that is why I have to say the teenage years are not what people say they are.

Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages Ap History

palaeolithic and neolithic Ages The neolithic Age changed the way plurality live now a days for many reasons. First of every(prenominal), in this era agriculture was very important. lot could farm instead of hunting and gathering and also they could settle down in ane place. People also began to live in small communities. Settling down in one place meant more food and free time. This started trade because there were food surpluses and began the get-go forms of government. There were many things to be done so they divided work up among everyone in the small community.This was the very beginning of the way we live today. The Paleolithic Age is the Old Stone Age ending in 1200 B. C. E. were stone tools were used for hunting and gathering. People used tools such as clubs and choppers to crack open(a) bones. Tools in this era were mainly made to use for shelter, defense, and keepings of food and clothing. These people believed in an afterlife which was similar to actual life on Ea rth because they were provided with all the tools, weapons and necessities needed to survive which was stated in document 1.In this age scholars believed that their ancestors lived in a world of spirits and shown in document 2 these people were hunters. The Neolithic Age is the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B. C. E. were the adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred and were domestication of plants and animals occurred. This is the era where people began to develop social groups and create civilizations and gunpoint moving from place to place. Stated in the document 4 people began to depend more on animals and less on plants.They followed herds of animals instead of just one to get more food and eventually create a surplus. The animals that they herded gave them the fertilizer for agriculture. In document 5 it says that there were settled farming communities and they began to create a council to make decisions on what to harvest. Settled people had more personal property. These differences were so important because of the technology and ways of life that these people started to create.If the people from the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages didnt discover the things that they did our world today would be totally different. There are many possibilities on what our life would be like today if these people didnt start a foundation for us. In conclusion, as you can see the Neolithic age changed how we live greatly. They started the first forms of agriculture and created small communities of people. People settled in one place and began to trade for work. What do you think life would be like if people from these two eras didnt start the things they did for us?

The Nature of Abigail’s Villainy in The Crucible

A dynamic antagonist, Abigail Williams from Arthur moth millers The Crucible is a great example of how a character can be molded by personal desires and a works setting to become a villain. Seemingly innocent, orphaned adolescent Abigail ultimately causes hysteria in the town of capital of Oregon from her frivolity and selfishness. The reasoning and origins of Abigails malice demonstrate the settings influence on the inhabitants of Salem during the 1962 witch trials. Abigail is introduced as Parris niece.At the beginning of the play, Arthur Miller provides what might be an explanation to the start of Abigails needy nature as she relays the story of how she became orphaned to her friends. Abigail explains that she witnessed her parents being killed by indians when she was a child. This harsh retiring(a) and lack of a good authority male figure (Parris is a character that is extremely paranoid and obsessed with his reputation definitely not fatherlike or nurturing) explains her init ial attraction to John Proctor her older, married, employer before the play begins. Abigails affair with Proctor is the fundamental start of the witch trials.Had she never had the affair, shed never have fallen for Proctor, therefore she wouldnt want to kill his wife in order to have him back. The Puritan way of thinking and strict religious system in Salem paved the way for a villain to arise. Abigails villainy is significant because it helps the reader become familiarized with the environs of Salem Massachusetts, the Christian religion it thrived off of, and how these combined ultimately caused the witch trials. The people who practiced this intense Christianity had no spiritual method to relinquish guilt feelings for their sins.In turn, this led to the people of Salem having to find their own outlets for their guilt. Along with the stress of guilt, the individuals of Salem have to worry about the constant need to raise themselves adequate for the confederacy. Reputation is ex tremely important, and being associated with anti-christ figures and ideas is completely unacceptable. These stresses combined raise the perfect type of people for Abigail to use to aid her in her plan to rid of Elizabeth. aft(prenominal) practicing witch craft with her, Abigails friends feel guilty for the sin. Abigails failure to feel guilt or this (or either of other sin she commits throughout the play) is what attains her success is causing havoc in Salem. After being name out for their anti-Christian activities in the woods, Abigail begins accusing other random people in the community of witchcraft. The other girls follow suit, shuffling their guilt to someone else to feel self assurance. By accusing other people the girls felt they had retrieved innocence. In a palpate Abigail was able to use her friends without them noticing. Through her manipulation shows malevolence. Of course, Abigail didnt mean to cause so much conflict.She only wanted one person dead Elizabeth. Had s he not began accusing other people of witch craft to save her name, the problem wouldnt have blown up to epic proportions. This doesnt make her any less of a villain, however. Many of the townspeople were hanged because of her selfishness. Her naivety and fervent want for Proctor blinded her from consequences. Covering up herself snowballed to her friends and then out into the community. This is particularly provoke because in any other setting the word of these girls wouldnt even be considered let alone used as solid judgement in court.Abigails success in causing death to innocents in the community, despite her age and insignificant role in the community, further exemplifies the atmosphere of the Puritan religion. After analyzing Abigails character one can learn much about the behavior of other people as well. Everyone has desires that they wish to obtain. Some obstacles must be overcome in order to achieve these. Due to Abigails villainy conceit many people suffered. Not only wer e lives lost, but she never found the peace she wished for with Proctor. Its important to realize that there are consequences for neglecting the well being of others for self gain.

Sepsis Systemic Immune Response Health And Social Care Essay

Sepsis is defined by the clinical marks and symptoms of a systemic immune response to infection. ( 1-2 ) Presently, sepsis on a world-wide degree creates a important degree of mortality and military issues in about one troika of tout ensemble Intensive explosive charge accesss. ( 3-5 ) In Victoria entirely there be about 8500 admittances to pinch Departments with patients enduring from sepsis ( 3 ) and this figure is increasing. Sepsis intercession sess be initiated with a wide spectrum antibiotic drug, and so transferred onto a specific antibiotic regimen. Presently the degree of pre infirmary informations usable on the counsellor of sepsis is re every(prenominal)y trammel and the most advanced divinatory account has been initiated in the United Kingdom including a pre infirmary examen tool and so the infirmary anxiety known as the Sepsis hexad . ( 6 ) Pre hospital wariness discharge be utilised to the full potency of paramedicals growth and cognition with t he disposition of pre infirmary antibiotics so far this is non without hazard. by chance the opposition to manus over the authorization to paramedics in the United States is the whimsy of making a ace bug similar to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. This paper proposes that the disposal of antibiotics in the pre hospital field does enchant some hazard, but the investigate suggest that the hits cl azoic outweigh these hazards. A new pre infirmary road map must be created due to the sheer figure of Emergency Department admittances. The doable to do a important dissimilitude to a patient s result is imperative.EpidemiologyIt has been super researched and reported across the reality that sepsis is a major cause of morbidness, mortality and topographic points an tremendous fiscal load on the several(prenominal) wellness system. ( 2, 5, 7 ) Statistics from Australia, United States and the United Kingdom are similar in nature and submit a wealth of information sing the epidemiology of sepsis. Sepsis in the United States has been recognised as a populace wellness issue, ( 8 ) with surveies describing that there are 300 reported instances per 100,000 with about 40 % mortality. ( 5, 7-9 ) Severe sepsis in the United land histories for 27 % of Intensive apprehension Unit admittances ( 4 ) and this is comparable with 23.8 % of Intensive Care admittances in Victoria, Australia. ( 3 ) However it may be noted that this information is non really recent and that in the clip of apprizevas the incidence was increasing by about 9 % per twelvemonth whilst withal describing a lessening in the figure of deceases associated with sepsis from about 45 % to 37.7 % . ( 5, 7, 9 ) Whilst mevery surveies report the figure of admittances, some report the term distribution of patients show with sepsis. Sundararajan et. Al. highschool spot that the age distribution within their survey was bimodal which set that the age brackets at the extremes of the spectru m were over represented with kids less than 1 and grownups in the 70-79 age bracket. ( 3 ) Upon farther probe into the types of causative pathology doing sepsis in these patients gm positive beings account for 28 % , gram negative for 20 % , fungous infections 2 % and other beings for 49 % . ( 3 ) These figures are comparable with a survey conducted by MacArthur et. Al. of about 2634 patients with about 30 % identified as gm positive and 26 % gram negative bacteriums. ( 10 )Pathophysiology and clinical characteristicsWhat is Sepsis?Sepsis is an infection induced syndrome and the clinical visual aspect in nature is the effects of cellular interactions between the host and incursive pathogen. ( 2, 11-12 ) Sepsis may be initialised by lengthened local redness to extinguish and unclutter the invading pathogen. The 2nd line of defense mechanism against occupying pathogens involves the exertion and activation of leucocytes at the local site of infection. ( 13-14 ) Throughout this sta ge, immune cells identify the pathogen through pattern credit rating protein receptors on the cells. ( 15 ) An illustration of one of these receptors are toll like receptors and these are among the acknowledgment receptors which crap the big businessman to trip immune cells, bring oning the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the stimulation with bacteriums and viral proteins ( depending on the infection ) . ( 15-16 ) The occupying pathogen may become the complement tract of the immune system, leting leucocytes to phagocytose digest the pathogen. If the host fails to restrict the invading pathogen to a local country, the pathogen may occupy the kind stream. ( 16 ) If phagocytosis continues in the melody watercourse, toxic substances released by the pathogen may leak straight into the blood stream these include endotoxins released by gram negative bacteriums ( 17 ) and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan released by gram positive bacteriums. ( 18 ) Thes e byproducts of phagocytosis and decease of the cell may trip a systemic activation of the complement system and excite the production of inflammatory cytokines. ( 19 ) Subsequently victorious to an increased excessive and prolonged inflammatory response. ( 20 ) The consequence of this drawn-out response leads to Systemic insurgent Response Syndrome ( SIRS ) which is the consequence of either direct or indirectly through the production and activation of nitrous oxide, oxidizers and proteolytic enzymes which is known to hold the potential to submit to inflammation induced organ thinned. An illustration of this would be Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( 16, 20 ) SIRS is characterised by two or more of the undermentioned constitutive(a) structure temperature & gt 38AC or & lt 36AC, bosom rate & gt 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate & gt 20 per minute or arterial CO2 & gt 32mmhg or a demand for unreal airing, and white blood count greater than 12,000/mm3 or & lt 4000 mm3 or & gt 10 % immature signifiers. ( 21 ) Sir can be besides initiated non still by infection, it may besides develop as a consequence of injury, ischaemic hurt or unfertile redness. ( 22 )What is amazing sepsis?If SIRS is left untreated, this response so cascades into what is known as distasteful sepsis. Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis associated with organ disfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension responsive to fluid resuscitation . ( 23 ) This can come on to give daze, which involves persistent hypotension unresponsive to fluid disposal . ( 23 ) An illustration of terrible sepsis is called Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome ( MODS ) . This occurs when the infection of the blood stream leads to progressive failure of two or more organ systems which result from a drawn-out and uncontrolled inflammatory response. This organ disfunction can take to possible organ failure and decease. ( 19 )Analyse grounds associating to the prehospital counselor of sepsis to place haza rds and benefits of paramedic-initiated antibiotic therapy Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) suggest that if Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) or Paramedics have a patient enduring from venture sepsis, that they must be managed with O therapy, skillful documented critical marks and IV entree to originate unstable resuscitation. ( 24 ) The end for EMS is to keep systolic blood force per unit area only when above 90mm Hg, with a Mean arterial force per unit area of 65mm Hg as any higher has the possible to decline cardiac end product, with inauspicious reactions. ( 24-26 ) Other surveies support the impression of guardianship Mean arterial force per unit area at 65mm Hg as there is no clinical benefit to increasing this value higher. ( 27-28 ) Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) contradict many other surveies which suggest that early empiric antibiotic intervention of patients suspected of holding sepsis is a standard pattern and the earlier intervention is initiated, the more positive the result. ( 2, 6, 8, 10, 16, 25, 29-30 )Empirical antibiotic intervention is the usage of a wide spectrum antibiotic whilst healing(predicate) intervention with antibiotics is the induction of antibiotic intervention afterward blood civilizations are taken and the specific pathogen is identified. ( 31 ) Whilst existential antibiotic intervention in the direction of sepsis may be the initial drug of pick, it is in the patient s best involvement that appropriate antibiotic therapy is continued within the infirmary. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is defined as the usage of an antimicrobic agent that is ripe on the footing of all getable clinical, pharmacological and microbiological grounds. ( 32 ) With regard to the pre-hospital disposal of antibiotic therapy, a recent survey concluded that, if a patient is enduring infected daze, with each hr of hold in antibiotic disposal after the moving of hypotension was associated with an mean lessening in endurance of about 8 % . ( 33 ) However, a possible job with experimental antibiotic intervention is that because sepsis is non the consequence of a individual pathogen, the usage of empirical antibiotics may non cover the pathogen doing the disease or unwellness.Broad spectrum antibiotics may bide clip until blood civilizations and appropriate interrogation can be done within a infirmary guesswork. The current research suggests that the antibiotic natural selection used to handle conditions such as sepsis has a profound jounce on patient results ( 34 ) and this is besides the instance with unequal antibiotic therapy, where the invading pathogen is non being efficaciously treated. ( 31 ) With respect to the empirical intervention, there are many several(predicate) signifiers of pathogens that can do sepsis, including Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ( 10 ) With this in head, the aforesaid figures that approximately 28 % of infected pa tients are caused by a gm smirch positive, and 20 % of patients are gram discoloration negative, and the remainder being about 52 % ( 3, 10 ) , the impression is that wide spectrum antibiotics may non cover these specific pathogens, hence rendering intervention useless. Potentially this could take to a negative or inauspicious result.An International Initiative, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign ( 30, 35 ) and the Critical Care fraternity in the United Kingdom ( 6 ) ab initio concentrated on educating soupcon section cater to advance the debut of direction of sepsis known as Early Goal Directed Therapy . Upon reappraisal, hapless movement of this enterprise and resuscitation lead the instruction staff involved to a move to aim the staff works in countries outside of the exigency section, including the execution of an operationalised resuscitation direction program referred to as the Sepsis Six . The Sepsis Six involves the disposal of high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibi otics, fluid resuscitation, step serum lactate and hemoglobin and the interjection of a urinary catheter to mensurate pissing end product. The Sepsis Six can be implemented by hospital staff with different accomplishment sets in the first hr following the diagnosing of sepsis and can do a important part to diminishing mortality. ( 6 )With regard to the principle of the Sepsis Six Robson et. Al. proposes that constituents of this intervention can be initiated pre infirmary, and interestingly, the writers besides highlight that pre infirmary sepsis help is unusual, but pre infirmary cardiac attention is common. The inquiry remains as to why that is. Given that all the literature available suggests that there is a important lessening in morbidity and mortality associated with early antibiotic intervention.Within Ambulance Victoria, the current direction for the intervention of terrible sepsis has non been established. Merely a guideline is specifically written for meningococcal bl ood poisoning which allows paramedics to care Ceftriaxone in the pre infirmary field in the suspected instance of meningococcal blood poisoning. ( 36 ) baby carriage ( 37 ) proposes that in the twelvemonth 2003, meningococcal disease affected about 500 Australians with about 100 of these instances showing in Victoria. It would look logical that an appropriate guideline is established for sepsis and terrible sepsis based on the available informations from Sundararajan et. Al. ( 3 ) which suggest within a 4 twelvemonth clip frame, about 34,000 admittances to hospital were identified as enduring from sepsis. However, it must be recognised that this lone histories for 1.1 % of the entire figure of admittances to Victorian exigency sections. ( 3 ) This is well more hospital admittances when compared with meningococcal blood poisoning, with similar, if non more deathly effects.Possibly the idea of utilising empirical antibiotic therapy doing a super bug with sepsis is debateable. Whils t many surveies report that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures is developed within the infirmary system ( 38 ) instead than the lodge based scene this attitude is altering with larger Numberss of community acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures being reported, ( 39 ) with an estimated 50 % of the population being a bearer of the bacteriums. ( 40 ) The precaution of physicians and other wellness professionals to the idea of originating intervention with an empirical antibiotic may be a consequence of old traffics with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures has evolved and mutated to be come resistant over coevalss with different strains of antibiotic that were ab initio effectual at extinguishing the bacterial pathogen. ( 41 ) The idea that exposing such a wide spectrum antibiotic for illustration Rocephin, ( a Mefoxin antibiotic ) is that the exposure of a drug like this may potentially originate a familial mu tant in potentially a broad spread of different strains of pathogens.Many surveies have investigated the usage of empirical antibiotics and besides the possibility of non merely one pathogen doing disease, hence developing an appropriate antibiotic government. This makes logical sense as yet, with consideration to the possible to do a familial mutant, exposing a pathogen to several antibiotics may hold the possible to bring forth a immune strain to non merely one antibiotic, but several. The surprising intelligence is that these surveies have proven to hold small or no excess consequence in cut downing mortality. ( 42-43 )Walker ( 37 ) proposes that the disposal of pre infirmary antibiotics by paramedics does hold the potency for complications, including inauspicious reactions such as anaphylaxis and vasomotor prostration. However, the hazard of antibiotic disposal is no different to the disposal of any other drug, with possible side effects and inauspicious reactions specific to individual patients.Synthesise recommendations for paramedic direction of sepsis based on available grounds.Pre infirmary informations available on the intervention and direction of infected patients are scarce. It is apparent that more research needs to be undertaken in order to right place infected patients and originate early intervention. However the inquiry remains as to whether informations will of all time be available due to the possible inauspicious reactions and the ethical quandary environing the prospective withholding tax of intervention to patients. The information that is available suggest that paramedics can do a difference in the possible results of these patients. A mortality rate of stopping point to 40 % is unacceptable. It is proposed that paramedics undertake a similar theoretical account to the Sepsis Six with an available pre infirmary testing tool similar to what the United Kingdom propose. This involves the recognition of systemic engagement of the immun e system by using the categorization for SIRS whilst utilizing this in concurrence with news report of a new infection. Taking both of these into consideration, relentless hypotension, low O impregnation and deficiency of urine end product classifies pre hospital patients as enduring from terrible sepsis. ( 6 )Paramedics are an built-in share of the wellness attention squad and within the United States they are being overlooked and possible accomplishments are being disregarded and this is still non understood when the literature suggest that early intervention does do a difference in results. With respect to the early disposal of antibiotics, non all patients will name at the oncoming of symptoms. Many will wait until the status is intolerable or they feel like they are deteriorating, indeed it is of import that empirical antibiotic therapy is undertaken at the earliest chance.From the available literature the United Kingdom s theoretical account is the gilded criterion in foo tings of pre infirmary showing and direction of sepsis. Paramedics are extremely trained wellness professionals and are able to pull off infected patients consequently, and as antecedently mentioned, the sepsis six involves high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, measured serum lactate and hemoglobin and urinary catheter and step urine end product. This paper does non suggest that paramedics undertake all of the intervention outlined, but or else have the ability to originate O therapy, deliver endovenous fluid and antibiotics and potentially have the ability to take blood civilizations to manus over to the infirmary. However, it must be emphasised that excess on scene clip to finish these appraisals and intervention must be taken into consideration every bit good as how long till the nearest infirmary. Besides of import to observe that paramedics must advise a receiving infirmary so that the infirmary can suitably triage ( 44 ) and use the pre infir mary pickings of blood in the beginning of faster intervention and supply the ability to originate an appropriate antibiotic government.Possibly a reappraisal of the current guideline in Victoria is needed to widen the range of paramedic pattern to test for possible infected patients, as the literature suggest that this current proportion of patients are exponentionally increasing. However it may be easy to theorize alterations that need to be made to the system, and this will take clip and money. Walker ( 37 ) proposes from a direction position there are important cost associated with the antibiotics, preparation and appraisal and on-going replacing of antibiotics on all vehicles. Therefore it is imperative to go on research and hence implement a new guideline into ambulance pattern which will profit the wellness of all invested parties.The early acknowledgment and direction of sepsis has deductions on possible patient result. Sepsis has an highly high mortality associated with i t and as mentioned antecedently the Oklahoman antibiotics can be administered the rapid lessening in patient morbidity and mortality. With regard to the high Numberss of presentations to Victorian exigency sections and intensive attention admittances this is mirrored throughout the universe. One of the of import points to understand that the admittances to intensive attention can be avoided if sepsis is recognised earlier and paramedics may hold a important impact on the acknowledgment and disposal of antibiotics, as infected patients have the possible to be really unwell. The fiscal load on the wellness system is tremendous with one survey theorizing that the United States approximate come about on sepsis entirely to be 16 billion dollars. ( 2, 7 ) Data is unavailable from Victoria and Australia nevertheless the costs associated with supplying antibiotics for the direction of sepsis will be less than handling in an Intensive Care Unit.DecisionOne of the chief repeating subjects throughout this paper is that sepsis and terrible sepsis have a high association with morbidity and mortality, even though the figure of presentations have increased. The point needs to be emphasised that current direction is non good plenty. The research within infirmaries is apparent, that early antibiotic intervention of patients enduring from sepsis has profound effects on endurance and recovery. Paramedics are potentially the first line of wellness attention workers exposed to patients enduring terrible sepsis and have the ability to move with wide spectrum antibiotics. Within Victoria, ambulances already carry Ceftriaxone an illustration of a wide spectrum antibiotic. A guideline particular to sepsis demands to be developed and implemented in the pre infirmary field, potentially on the footing of the United Kingdom s theoretical account of recognizing terrible sepsis. The cost benefit analysis of implementing a new guideline, with the possible disposal of antibiotics to more patients would badly outweigh the costs associated with an admittance to an intensive attention installation. The impression of taking pre infirmary blood and advising a receiving infirmary of the possible infected patient may originate appropriate intervention faster. Paramedics have the ability to do a difference with this clip critical patient.

Effective Communication Skill

uptakeful Communication Skills A Compilation of Lecture Notes for DEN 5048 Edited Version 3 2011 1Page DEN 5048 CONTENTS Introduction to Communication Non- literal Verbal scripted Development of self-importance write Communication Writing wrinkle nitty-grittys .. Letter-writing .. Curriculum vitae (resume) Memorandum Formal report Electronic mail . Oral and Visual P envyation Oral Presentation .Visual Presentation .. Negotiation Skills . Teleph unrivaled Skills Procedures in Meetings 2 13 19 25 31 34 37 41 44 48 55 57 61 2Page INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION What is Communication? Communication is the wreak of transfer and receiving of entropy by and through with(predicate) literal or nonverbal behavior. At the center of every definition of conversation moldiness be the intention of conveyance of title a cogitation, dismantle if the centre is abstract (e. g. modern poetry).Why We hap The purpose of any given communication may be To initiate some action To pull up stakes in mildewation, ideas, attitudes, flavors or smackings To establish, ac distinguishledge or obligate links or carnal knowledges with new(prenominal) large number. How We Communicate Effective communication is a deuce- dash process, perhaps best depicted as a cycle. Signals or ? capacitys argon ? sent by the communicator and ? received by the other party. He ? sends back some form of ratification that the ? substance has been received and netherstood this is c solelyed ? feedback. meat SENDER Feedback RECEIVER 3Page The Stages of Communication ProcessSENDERS ACTIVITY RECEIVERS ACTIVITY Impulse to slide by Encoding the Message Relay of Message Decoding the Message Feedback Impulse to give-up the ghost Deciding to communicate and deciding what to communicate is the first stop of the process. Messages should i give ca blaspheme be re posted and direct into some working(a) auberge in the brain before m emergeh, automobile trunk or machinery ar utilize to ar ticulate and register the idea for mortal elses benefit. Encoding the gist At this stage, the sender puts his message into words, gestures and conventions in the form that both sender and receiver understand.We confound to stomach in mind however, that a symbol that we use and understand may be ambiguous ( pay a great deal than cardinal executable imagineing) or mean something polar to a some one(a) of different age, nationality, experience or article of faiths. Just because we understand what we mean, it does non necessarily mean that someone else leave behind. Relaying the message Once the idea has been encoded as a message, the sender indispens kings to choose how to ? transmit, or recrudesce it across to the receiver. The particular route or path, via which the message is sent, connecting the sender and receiver, is c completelyed the channel of communication. (e. g. incur board, newspaper column, on suck bulletin board). The tool which is use to communicate is called the medium which often takes the form of i. Visual communication e. g. gesture, chart, picture or screen uncover ii. Written communication e. g. a letter, memorandum, none, report or s route or iii. Oral communication which let ins both face-to-face and remote communication e. g. by telephone or boob tube. 4Page Choice of medium The cream of medium go away depend on such factors as the Time, depending on its urgency. the Complexity, which medium ordain alter it to be most easily understood. he Distance, the message is required to travel and in what condition it must arrive. the imply for a write record, e. g. for legal historys. the unavoidableness for interaction, immediate ex lurch or instant feedback. the need for confidentiality or conversely, the spreading of information widely and quickly. Sen baffleivity to the effect of the message on the telephone receiver the need for in the flesh(predicate)ized involvement, persuasive power or im soulality. Cost, for the best alike(p)ly result at the least possible expense. Decoding the message The first step in communication from the receivers point of lot is the ? ecoding of the message i. e understanding what it secerns. The receiver must grasp the meaning of the words or symbols use by the sender interpret the message as a whole. What it says is non necessarily what it means. Reading among the lines or inferring may be necessary to establish the underlying meaning of the message Giving feedback Feedback is the reply of the receiver which indicates to the sender that the message has (or has non) been success ampley received, understood and interpreted. in that location atomic number 18 2 types of feedback negative & tyrannical.Feedback is bouncy to success in communication because there be so many emf barriers and breakdowns to guard against verifying feedback i. ii. iii. Action taken as requested A letter/memo/note sent confirmative receipt of message, or replying to question/invitation Smile, nod, thumbs up. Negative feedback i. ii. iii. No action, or wrong action taken No written response at all or written request for very more information, repetition etcetera belt up, gesture, blank visualize, shrug. 5Page Types of communication Intrapersonal communication Communication with oneself eg. f you want to remind yourself to do something, Interpersonal communication Communication surrounded by two singles, or between a number of one-on-ones on a personal aim a. several(prenominal) to individual. b. individual to group address the group as a whole. c. group to individual transmit message on behalf of an organization/group etc. The medium of interpersonal communication may be written, oral, visual, non-verbal or may mix of them, through channels such as face-to-face intelligence, telephone or postal systems, notice boards and so on.Impersonal communication/Mass communication ? gage communication, in which the message is directed to large, diffuse audience, with no direct contact between source and receiver. bookle interpersonal communication, it stooge be oral, visual or non-verbal, using written, pictorial, or simulated interpersonal messages. eg. someone ? talking to the audience in a TV or radio advertisement. Public communication Takes graze when the organization communicates with a number of receivers. For example staff newsletter, reports, meetings etc.Potential Problems In Communication Two technical name employ to describe problems or breakdowns, which occur in communication, ar distortion and noise. (a) Distortion Distortion tinges to the way in which the meaning of a communication is lost in ? handling i. e during the encoding and decryption stages of communication. (b) Noise Noise refers to distractions and interference in the environment in which communication takes place, obstructing the process of communication by affecting the accuracy, clarity or until now the arrival of the messag e. a. Physical noise, eg. ther bulk talking, caputing traffic. b. Technical noise, eg. no-count handwriting, crackle on a telephone line. c. Social noise, eg. interference urinated by differences in personality/ grow or outlook of the sender and recipient. 6Page d. Psychological noise, eg. excessive emotion (anger, concern), parti pris or nervousness washbowl besides interfere with strong transmission of a message. The problem of noise quite a smallish be reduced by redundancy using more than one channel of communication so that if a message fails to trance through one channel, it may succeed by another.Personal differences There ar many factors in an individuals personality, mentality, experience and environment which loafer cause distortion or noise in the communication process. For example racial, ethnic or regional origins religious beliefs and traditions cordial var. and socio-economic education and training age sex occupation personality traits and types- a w ide range of denotationistics which convey attitudes and behaviour introvert/ extrovert, stable/neurotic, active/ static etc. ntelligence- in ground of mental big originmaniness and understanding, linguistic or numerical ability Perception Perception is the process by which the data self- trained by the senses is selected, sorted, organized and interpreted by the brain in order to form meaningful and rational messages or information. Selective perception The sub-conscious mind ? decides which stimuli/information be (subjectively) relevant and which be irrelevant and derriere be safely ignored. When we focus on selected stimuli, we say we give them our direction. This is all classic(predicate) for the communicator 1. s comeener and reader, because of the need to minimize potential distractions and to be aware that some parts of a message may be ignored thus, distorting the overall meaning. 2. as creator and sender, because the need to attract and hold the recipients a ttention to the key points and meaning of the message. 7Page NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION What is non-verbal communication? Non-verbal communication is basically anything that conveys a message without using words or symbols. It may be linked to words (eg. a spook of voice), or it may be independent of any verbal message.Movement is highly communicative. Think what you deal convey through, for example, g secondaryer or smiling, nodding, scratching your head, putting your head in your hands or slamming a door. There are two broad categories of non-verbal communications First, Non-verbal communication linked to verbal communication, which adds meaning over and above what the verbaliser is saying in the words themselves ? between the lines of a message. Words Really, Im fine. Other factors shudder lips, pale face, curled up in chair, arms folded around body. Sarcastic smile, patronising tang.Meaning Im upset, or ill, and either trying to be brave or not wanting your help. You and I both know Im right. Correct me if Im wrong. Second, Non-verbal communication independent of any verbal message, so that meaning is conveyed by non-verbal cues. If you forget a friends birthday, for example, this in itself may be enough to communicate that you dont care roughly them any more, or that you are enraged with them for some reason. Channels/Types of Non-verbal Communication Because so a great deal of human interaction is non-verbal, this system embroils many kinds of communication.There are 9 forms of non-verbal behaviour and each is used to establish personal indistinguishability, relational messages and express personal identity operator and cultural values. i. Kinesics Kinesics refer to body carriage and body motions including facial expressions. Our bodies communicate a great deal well-nigh how we see ourselves. For instance, someone who walks briskly conveys determination someone who moves without purpose (or ? behind never sit still) signals nervousness, impat ience or distractions. Our faces as well as communicate messages we can indicate happiness (smiles), doubt (raised eyebrows) or anger (stares).How we position ourselves relative to others excessively expresses our feelings toward them friends often sit together spot competitors typically maintain distance. 8Page ii. Haptics Haptics refer to physical touch. Touching or contact communicates c drowse offness as hygienic as power and status. wad with high status touch others and invade others spaces more than those with low status. amidst the two genders, women work to engage in touch while men more typically rely on touch to assert power and control. iii. Physical Appearance High value is often fixed on physical come to the foreance.People form initial evaluations based on individuals show upance. We first notice physical qualities such as gender, skin colour and features. Then we form judgements of how attractive others are and set roughly inferences about their personali ties. For example, plump, rounded bodies are often associated with laziness and weakness while thin, angular physiques are estimation to reflect youthful, stubborn personalities. Though these associations have no factual basis, they can affect decisions about hiring, attitude and promotion. iv.Artifacts Artifacts are personal objects we use to announce our identities and personalize our environments. We craft our image by how we dress and what objects we prevail and use. For instance, doctors wear white and drape stethoscopes around their necks while the military requires uniforms with stripes and medals to signify rank and accomplishments. Artifacts communicate important relational meaning we use them to perform our identities and express how we perceive and feel about others. v. Proxemics Proxemics refer to space and how we use it. Space reflects intimacy e. . when we are angry with someone, we tend to move away from him and resent it if he approaches us. Space also announces status with greater space organism assumed by those with high status. How people arrange space reflects how close they are and whether they want interaction. E. g. Those who enjoy interaction arrange article of furniture to welcome conversation and eye contact. For less interaction, chairs may be far apart and face the television instead of each other. vi. Environmental factors Environmental factors are elements of settings that affect how we feel and act.We respond to architecture, colours, temperature, adepts, smells and lighting. e. g. dimly-lit room can enhance romantic feelings while dark rooms can be depressing. Rooms with comfortable chairs invite relaxation while stiff chairs prompt formality. Thus, environmental factors regulate not simply patterns of interaction just also feelings and moods. 9Page vii. Chronemics Chronemics refer to how we perceive and use sequence to limit identities and interaction. E. g. cultural line up stipulates important people with high s tatus can keep others anticipateing. Its standard do to wait to see a doctor even if you have an appointment.Chronemics also express cultural attitudes toward clip. In horse opera societies, for example, cartridge clip is valuable so, speed is highly valued merely Malaysian have more relaxed attitudes toward time and punctuality. viii. Paralanguage Paralanguage refers to free-spoken sounds such as murmurs and gasps and vocal qualities such as volume, rhythm, pitch and intonation. These vocal cues act as signals for others to interpret what we say as a joke, threat, enunciatement, question etc. Voices can also be used to communicate feelings eg whispering indicates secrecy and intimacy while shouting conveys anger. x. Silence Silence can communicate powerful messages. It can communicate different meanings. For instance, it can signal awkwardness we advisedly ignore others when were angry with them. VERBAL COMMUNICATION What is verbal communication? Verbal communication is a nything that conveys a message using words or symbols. It is the spoken, oral, and unwritten way of communicating. It makes use of words, phrase, numbers racket and symbols and is organized in sentences. Therefore, s prime of animationing is a form of verbal communication. Why is proficient verbal communication so important?In the line of transaction world, verbal communication is very important because you are relations with a renewal of people throughout the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. Now take for example the way you converse with a family member or friend around your same age, you interact with them with a lot of self-reliance, there is without doubt that verbal communication is expressed with much ease, and perhaps you may speak differently from the way you speak with a person related to barter. 10 P a g eImagine if you expressed yourself the same way with a customer who has diff erent culture, is much older than you and have many years of experience in his field. Most likely your thoughts leave behind be difficult to express. Thus it is necessary to have straitlaced skill when using verbal communication while dealing with different people. How to acquire bankrupt verbal communication First of all you need to be aware of the fact that you must be flexible with people depending on the circumstances. Let us say you are presenting a speech in front of an audience at work, and you express your thoughts using air vocabulary.Now what if your audience where to be unfamiliar with the equipment casualty you are using, it is without question you ordain notice the audience lose focused attention to what you are saying , so thence you must be flexible and compound the way you are expressing your thoughts by using words that are more comprehendible to the audience. You could also shit skills by attending a course related to headache communication. When you are at tending the class, you allow for then be forced to communicate in a more organized way.Try to use the opportunity to get over the fear of talking to a big crowd and a stranger while you are in class. Besides attending a class that teaches business communication, you may also want to overturn working in a military control-field that involves working with strangers, such job can be a form of practice to gain bureau in yourself and help reduce shyness and intimidation. Another form of practice can be talking to older relatives and friends, about a topic that involves expressing emotions and strong touch sensations or a discussion that may concern experiences.Such communication helps you to accumulate skills to express yourself in a more formal and proper manner. When practicing with your relatives or friends it is important for you to back up your opinions or statements with facts. In order to have references about your subject it is suggested to read and study about it. Like for example, if you where to discuss the issue that we are all facing right away such as the worlds economy for instance, then you may obtain the facts from the news paper, the news, Internet, and you can even get it from books. 1 P a g e WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Advantages The advantages of written messages include the side by side(p) They provide a permanent record of transaction or agreement for confirmation and recollection of details. severalize may also be necessary for legal purposes. They provide supporting confirmation and clarification of verbal messages, again in case evidence should be needed, but also an aid of memory. They are easily duplicated and sent out to numerous recipients this en indisputables that everyone receives the same message.It also enables office personnel to write one message (to adapt or copy) instead of making numerous phone calls. They are capable of relaying complex ideas, assisted by suitable layout and the permanence of the record, which allows th e recipient to pore over it at length if necessary. They can be stored and later retrieved for reference and analysis as required. They are perceived as impersonal, and can be used in situations where unusual formality or ? distance need to be established within an other than personal relationship (for example, formal disciplinary proceedings). Disadvantages Time.A written message can be take time to produce, and to send, especially if it has to go by post and if expensive technology is beyond the users reach. Because of the time factor, swift ? interactive exchanges of opinion, attitude and so on are impossible. Inflexibility. Once sent, the message cannot immediately be altered or amended, even if circumstances change or errors are discovered. Impersonality. Written communication also tends to more across as formal and impersonal, so in situations requiring greater sensitivity or persuasion, the personal presence or voice of the sender may be more effective.Accessibility. Peoples ability to read and interpret written messages entrust vary according to background, education, knowledge of the topic and so on. Eg. If the vocabulary is difficult, the reader may not understand the message. Distance. Non-verbal signals (eg. gesture, facial expression) are not available to help in interpreting the message the receiver is left with simply the words, presentation and written style. Instant feedback is also not available which means errors in interpretation may not be constituteed immediately. 12 P a g eDEVELOPMENT OF SELF Introduction What constitutes the self has been pondered by philosophers, poets, artists, and others for millennia. More recently, psychologists have sought to define and research a range of self constructs. Self in the twentieth Century Previous to the 20th century, social institutions, including schooling and psychology (which barely existed) did not emphasize the development of positive beliefs about self. There was greater emphasis, for ex ample, on developing relationship to divinities and organized systems of government.With the ousting of religion as the dominant organisational culture in Western society, and the rise of capitalism with its emphasis, particularly in North America, on expression and valuing of personal freedom, a cult of the self has blossomed. Indeed, self-constructs seem to be positively associated with other desirable qualities, such as better prize of lifetime, higher faculty member performance, and so on, but there is a debate about whether improving self-esteem, self-concept, etc. causes amendd performance, or vice-versa. Whats more, there is evidence that high self-esteem when combined with prejudice can lead to increased aggression.Developing oneself At the level of self-improvement one can potentially work personal development to include such areas as becoming the person one aspires to integrating social identity with self-identification increasing awareness or defining of ones priorit ies increasing awareness or defining of ones values increasing awareness or defining of ones chosen lifestyle increasing awareness or defining of ones ethics strategizing and realizing dreams, aspirations, passage and lifestyle priorities developing professional potential developing talents developing individual competencies information on the job improving the quality of lifestyle (in such areas as health, wealth, culture, family, friends and communities) encyclopaedism techniques or methods to expand awareness learning techniques or methods to gain control of ones life 13 P a g e learning techniques or methods to achieve wisdom Developmental Patterns In The Development Of Self-Constructs Early on in development, children tend to have a vague, general concept of themselves, which gradually diversifies nto concepts about themselves as students at school, in relation to peers, in relation to family, emotionally, physically, and so on. It is unclear whether self-concepts are forme d top-down ( circumstantial beliefs flow from general beliefs) or bottom-up (general beliefs flow from specific beliefs). Definitions Of Self-Constructs (a) self-esteem What is Self-Esteem? Its the way you feel about yourself. It comes from within. conceit is how we feel about ourselves. It is our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. For example I am good looking. I feel good about myself. I am kind. I am competent. The level of our self-esteem determines how we operate in life how we interact with others, spouse, children, friends, and strangers.It determines our goals and what we strive for, our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness in life. The importance of self-esteem can be seen when we look at the relationship between healthy self-esteem and other psychological traits. Self-esteem and personality are closely related. It is participationing how we define self-esteem. We define it by declaring feelings. We talk about how we feel. High self-esteem is associated w ith positive feelings and low self-esteem with negative feelings. Healthy self-esteem is related with ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Creativity Rationality Flexibility Willingness to concord mistakes Openness Honesty Acceptance Cooperativeness Independence 14 P a g ePeople with low self-esteem have negative thoughts about themselves, both physically and mentally see others as better or worse are easily pressured to conform to peers People with high self-esteem accept themselves, condescension their suddenlycomings, mistakes and disabilities are responsible for their actions do not succumb to peer pressure tend to be more ambitious in what they want to experience in life have a drive to express themselves and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires recognize the value of relationships treat others with respect, non judgmental attitude, and lividness How to increase your self-esteem? be assertive learn to like yourself be responsible. earn to deal with rebuke in posi tive way learn to give and receive compliments easily Building plus Self-esteem to Achieve Success Self-esteem can cut across a wide compartmentalisation of concepts and situations. It occurs in every facet of life. It is the force behind most success and trial, the force behind peak performance, successful achievement, living your dream living your world Self-esteem is the feeling of existence happy with your character and abilities. It is manifested in a wonderful feeling of inner balance, grounded on self acceptance and a healthy, solace self-respect towards you. This is entirely different from self- self- assertion which is deeply rooted in what you believe you can achieve.There are several cases of self-confidence acts without Self-esteem. unconditional Self-esteem is knowing who we are and living in harmony with ourselves without needing to have the approval of others. Really, other peoples opinion about yourself does not have to be your reality. The definition of posit ive Self-esteem is that of a life of happiness, of sound mind, of health. When we are happy about ourselves, not caring about what people say about us, we live a happier life, a healthier one, a more successful one Best of all, we live in peak performance. Happier lifestyle comes from within, it enables happy and relaxed cells, and it controls stress.Happy cells lead to a pro broaded life expectancy which means extended period to lead a even 15 P a g e happier life What a great attribute if you can only come to terms with who you are, supposeless of whatever any person says about you. Remember, lifes too short to live other peoples opinion and reflections. Live yours It will take courage though, but its worth living. Its the best. (b) self-confidence What is self-confidence? Most of us now what self-confidence means we usually define it in relation to what we want to do, but feel too anxious, nervous or worried about In the end, we will not do it. For one person, self-confidence business leader be about speaking in public. For another, it might be about being confident in social situations.Whatever the situation that reveals our overleap of confidence, the definition of confidence that is implicit here is forever something about being self-assured, showing self-reliance, or not being anxious or nervous. Another customary definition of self-confidence centres on being assertive, on getting what you want. This is about standing up for yourself, about having the presence, the personal power, if you like, to regard yourself as equal to others and to behave in a way that reflect this. potency is essentially an attitude which allows us to have a positive and realistic perception of ourselves and our abilities. It is characterised by personal ttributes such as assertiveness, optimism, enthusiasm, affection, pride, independence, trust, the ability to handle criticism and emotional maturity. Confidence is learnt it is not inherited. If you lack confidence, it in all probability means that, as a child, you were criticised, undermined, or suffered an inexplicable tragic loss, for which you either accuse yourself or were blamed by others. A lack of confidence isnt necessarily permanent but it can be if it isnt addressed. Our religion, the influence of the culture which formed our perspectives, our gender, social class and our parents, in particular, are all factors which influence and contribute to our level of confidence and esteem. sure-footed people have deep trustingness in their future and can accurately assess their capabilities.They also have a general sense of control in their lives and believe that, within reason, they will be able to do what they desire, plan and expect, no amour what the foreseeable obstacle. But this faith is guided by more realistic expectations so that, even when some of their goals are not met, those with confidence continue to be positive, to believe in themselves and to accept their current limitations w ith renewed energy. However, having high self-confidence does not mean they will be able to do everything they want. That view is unrealistic, one for the perfectionists. A desire to be good at everything we do in order to impress others stems from a competitive instinct and lack of personal reinforcement.Any truly successful life has both rewards and the ability to learn from any setbacks, which increase our resilience, self- belief and determination. Real confidence 16 P a g e requires that we face the possibility of failure constantly and deal with it. However, if we consistently lose out on both achievement and validation, even our identity is called into question. Research has suggested that suspensors can also gain confidence from viewing the successful performances of others at a equivalent level. This second source of information is known as ? modelling or ? vicarious experience. For example, a tennis player lacking confidence in her volleying might bring forwards it us eful to have a peer who has overcome similar difficulties demonstrate the skill.By viewing others, we begin to see that, with effort, success is attainable. The very reciprocal use of celebrities in fitness videos is an example of modelling. Confidence can also be built through verbal persuasion. By means of careful reasoning, athletes can be shown that other people (ie the coach) have confidence in their abilities and believe they can achieve set goals. Coaches may even use deception to run their athletes that goals can be achieved of which more later. Verbal persuasion can also take the form of ? self-talk, whereby the athlete convinces himself that success will follow. Finally, emotional arousal can influence confidence as well.Although this is the least authoritative factor, it is important that physiological symptoms are perceived positively rather than negatively. Confidence can be deepen by perceiving increases in heart and respiration rate as the bodys natural conceptu alisation for top performance rather than as triggers for anxiety. Clearly, confidence is enhanced by good preparation, planning and a sense of optimism. Conversely, negative thinking and pessimism can undermine performance and limit progress. By expecting failure, we set our belief system to a negative channel and start favouring information that is consistent with these beliefs. Lack of confidence People who lack confidence may be shy and quiet, although this isnt always the case.Those with little confidence may pass up opportunities because they assume they wouldnt stand a chance competing against others. They doubt themselves and their abilities. They dont have enough confidence to even try. They fear rejection and failure. These people often dont achieve their potential in life simply because they have already viewed themselves as failures. When people lack self-confidence they are overly preoccupied with what others think. They need to build confidence and take charge of their lives, although it is not easy for someone who suffers from low self-esteem. Over-Confidence Confidence is a necessary broker in reaching our goals but over-confidence can be interpreted in negative ways.Simply stated, over-confidence is confidence that is unwarranted. For example, a person may be very confident in an area that he actually has little knowledge and expertise. Over-confidence can be projected as an inflated ego. A person may take care egotistical, 17 P a g e arrogant and somewhat of a braggart. Over-confidence may also be a smokescreen for lack of confidence. People often try to build their own confidence by tearing others down. In this way, they feel better about themselves. It doesnt mean that they are bad people it simply means that they dont know how to build their own level of confidence. Attitude Self-confidence is an attitude.It is about how you view yourself, not how others view you. A confident person is comfortable with the person he is. He knows he is n ot perfect and he doesnt try to act perfect. He accepts himself as he is, along with his imperfections. He is confident enough to admit his mistakes. He can laugh at himself. A confident person can accept rejection and criticism, and learn from them rather than taking them personally and wallowing in self-pity. A confident person believes in himself and his abilities, yet he knows there is always room for improvement and therefore continually strives to improve. Positive Outlook A confident person has a positive outlook.He doesnt dwell on his failures. If he doesnt get a promotion, he views it not as a loss but as an opportunity for something better. Confident people often do get what they want because self-confidence is an important element in accomplishing their goals and manifesting their desires. They know that self-confidence is an ingredient in the recipe for success. Respect A confident person likes himself. If you dont like yourself, how can you expect others to like you? Co nfident people also respect themselves. Anyone can develop self-confidence but it can take time, especially if you are steeped in negativity. People arent born with self-confidence.They learn to put fear and doubt aside and to trust their own instincts. They trust their abilities and choose to react positively rather than negatively. Self-confidence hears the voice of doubt but chooses not to listen to it. 18 P a g e WRITTEN COMMUNICATION WRITING BUSINESS MESSAGES Introduction Messages are constantly being sent by people all over the world. They can be verbal through talking, or written through mail. In business world, the style in sending a message is different. hither you are dealing with executives of the companies, sales agents, managers, employees and clients. Generally a business message has precise gist related to the business.It can be a message for internal purposes such as the employees or board of directors or external for clients, creditors and helping providers. Who ever the recipient of the business message is, it is necessary to comply with a degree of formality in conveying the message to achieve the goal of disseminating the message to the recipients. There are two types of business messages (a) Verbal railway line Messages Verbal messages are the primary mode of passing a message. There is no need of much structure and strict compliance compared to written messages. Verbal Messages are frequently passed on in-order to carry out routine business activities. b) Written care Message Written messages are used whenever the information being passed on needs to be compiled and filed. This is where some of the employees may commit mistakes while drafting a written business message. In case any mistakes occur in the written business message, it can become permanent and get filed. It is important to be extremely careful when writing a business message. Written business message is not just an ordinary message but a message that will either make or break the business. Due diligence should be demanded so that there are no mistakes and loss of money arising out of in coverly written business message.Understanding the Three-Step Writing Process Business messages are very important when it comes to business communication. For a person who knows English language very well, does not mean that he will write a business message perfectly. There is a structure, standards or guidelines that needs to be followed in order to come up with a business message which conveys the correct meaning. 19 P a g e A well-structured business message can go a long way and can even earn millions to the company in return. This is a subject field of knowing how to structure the business message to give the reader a sense of professionalism and being case-hardened well as a person with whom the company is doing business.To ensure that the message is conveyed effectively, and is well-organised, follow these threestep writing process Step 1 Planning a busi ness message Planning is a very critical step, and if one commits an error in this stage, it will create an irreversible error that can cause the business to lose millions in the worst case scenario. It is necessary that all the steps are taken into full consideration along with adequate emphasis on planning a business message. Do not begin writing until you have planned what you want to say. This avoids writers block and poorly essential messages. When planning on how to write a business message, one should ask the following question, Who is this business message designed for?Is it for a client, a benefit provider, a creditor, government agency or an employee? It is important to notice who is the recipient of the business message so that certain precautionary measures should be adopted in order to structure the message that will fit for the person who is receiving the message. Second question is for what purpose is this business message written for? Is it to give appreciation, a constructive criticism or to persuade the reader? If the purpose is identify then the contents of the message will be designed in relation to the purpose. The answers to these questions will administer as a guide with regard to writing a good business message.Among the other important factors to consider in the planning stage include the following (a) Know your audience When you write a business letter, you are trying to persuade the reader (the audience) to either take an action or change the way they think. Therefore, a business message aims to convince the audience that what is written is true. Knowing your audience is only the first step. The information you get about your audience can help you develop and organize the content of your message so that the message can be easily read. (b) Audiences expectations When you know your audience, you will know what they expect from you. Your message will be most successful if it matches the readers expectations. Generally, your audienc e will have three expectations (c) Get to the point state the main point(s), including bad news, immediately. 20 P a g e d) Keep it simple Do not feel compelled to use big words or complex sentences in order to impress your audience, or to build your credibility with them. The reason is, when you do this, you might confuse the audience. Furthermore, the audience might think that you are a con artist. (e) Use active and passive voices appropriately Use the passive voice to sound more diplomatic. Sentences in the passive voice sound less confrontational, so these sentences do not appear to blame someone. On the other hand, active sentences put the subject in front of the sentence. Thus, they appear more harsh to a reader. (f) Content Content refers to information included in the message.By knowing your audience, you will know what to include in the content of your message. In addition, you should include enough information to maintain the readers interest, while at the same time not too much information until it bores the audience or wastes their time. There are three common methods of determining content brainstorm outlining clustering (g) Organisation The order in which you present your messages (or information) is called organization. You need to know what information that you want to include in your message. Only then can you decide how to organise it. In general, present the main ideas first, followed by the supporting details and finally, conclusion.A good organization facilitates the readers understanding of your message. Step 2 Writing a business message After planning comes the actual writing stage of a business message. This is most the of import stage, since one mistake of a word may give a wrong impression to the reader. commit sure that the reader will read the business message and understand its purpose. Writing a business message is the same as writing an ordinary letter, but there are some modifications that need to be considered. 1. The salut ation, make sure that the name of the recipient is correctly spelled. 2. It should be justified or in block form, to make it look neat and organized. 3.The message should contain brief and concise information with regard to the information being partake with. 4. Always, check the message for grammar and spelling mistakes. It is very important that the message is proof-read so that the message will convey the correct meaning to the reader. 21 P a g e 5. The font size or style should be in a manner that is readable to the common eye so that the reader will not need eyeglasses to read the message. It does not mean it should be in bold or large font size, but just enough to be read without straining the eyes. Step 3 Completing a business message A business message does not end at the writing stage it needs to be sent to the correct recipient in order to serve the purpose for which it was written.If it is a post mail, the address of the recipient should be clearly written and double ch ecked the recipients address. It is important that the address is written correctly so that the message will definitely reach the recipient and will get the message across. It is also important to modify and keep proper reference of changed address whenever the recipient so that mails are addressed to the latest address. If it is through e-mail, be sure the e-mail address is correctly entered and the subject is properly designated. As a matter of assurance purposes, send a carbon copy to the person who instructed the letter to be sent. This will give a signal to the people within the business organization that an e-mail is being sent to a certain person.Improving Readability in Business Messages Writers can adopt the following techniques to make messages easier to scurry (a) quit sentence length Keep paragraphs short Use lists and bullets Add headings and subheadings (b) Varying sentence length helps readers skim your message Use both short and long sentences to increase interest . Avoid too many short sentences, or your writing will be choppy. Keep sentences to an average length of 20 words or fewer. (c) Keeping paragraphs short helps readers skim your message Avoid long paragraphs that may intimidate readers. Compose paragraphs of light speed words or fewer. Use one-sentence paragraphs only occasionally and only for emphasis. 2 P a g e (d) Using lists and bullets helps readers skim your message Set off important ideas in a list to help readers find key points. Introduce a list clearly so that readers know what theyre about to read. Add further discussion after a list to complete your thoughts. Compose list items in parallel form. (e) Adding headings and subheadings accomplishes the following Cues readers into the content of the following section Helps reader determine how a document is organized Grabs reader attention assumes copy easier to read Indicates shifts from one idea to the next (f) Use one of two categories of headings Descriptive headings ide ntify a topic.Informative headings guide readers to think in a certain way about the topic. Tone in Business Writing When we speak, our words form only a luck of the message we convey. Our meaning is also relayed through our body language and eye contact, as well as the intonation, pitch and speed of our voice. This is called line. In business writing, the smack of our message refers to the meaning between the lines and the meaning conveyed in the words we choose rather than just in the message we are sending. Thus, when you write a business message, choosing the correct tone is important because the same words could be interpreted differently by two different readers.The overall tone of a written message affects the reader just as ones tone of voice affects the listener in everyday exchanges. Business writers should consider the tone of their message, whether they are writing a memo, letter, report, or any type of business document. Tone is present in all communication activitie s. Ultimately, the tone of a message is a reflection of the writer and it does affect how the reader will perceive the message. Here are some ways to write a business message with good tone (a) Be confident You can feel confident in writing business messages if you have carefully furbish upd, and are knowledgeable about the material you wish to express. The way you write should assume a confident tone as well.As you put up business documents, you want the reader to do as you ask, or to accept your decision. In order to make the document effective, you must write confidently because a confident tone will have a persuasive effect on your audience (the reader). Employers are inclined to hire individuals that appear confident and 23 P a g e sure of their abilities. However, this does not mean that you should appear over-confident. Over-confidence can easily be interpreted as being arrogant. big ? You must have detect from my resume that I am very qualified for the job.? Good ? My qu alifications in the areas of information technology and multimedia meet your job requirements.? b) Be courteous and sincere A writer builds friendliness and trust by using a tone that is polite and sincere. Consider the words and phrases you use in your document, and how your reader will likely receive them. If you are respectful and honest, readers will be more willing to accept your message, even if it is negative. Bad ? If you have read the conditions carefully, the company would have gained profit.? Good ? The company could gain profit provided that the conditions are met.? (c) Use non-discriminatory language Avoid biasness when you write. Do not use any discriminatory words, remarks or ideas that might offend the reader. It is very important to communicate in a way that expresses equality and respect for all individuals.Discriminatory language can come between your message and your reader. Make sure your writing is free of discriminatory language and free of bias based on such factors as race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation and disability. Bad ? Women who do not have marketing skills will be assigned desk jobs instead.? Good ? Employees without marketing skills will be assigned desk jobs instead.? (d) Stress the benefits for the reader Write from the readers perspective, or point of view. That means, write from the perspective of what you can do for the reader. A reader will often read a document wondering Whats in it for me? or ? How do I benefit from thisAs such, it is your job to customize your message to suit the reader. Bad ? I would like to see your paper qualification.? Good ? Your paper qualification would help us speed up your job application process.? (e) Write at an appropriate level of difficulty Consider your audience and prepare your writing so that the reader will clearly understand what it is that you are saying. In other words, prepare your style of reading to match the reading abilities of your audience. Do not use comple x passages or terms that the reader will not understand. Accordingly, do not use simple terms or short examples if the reader is capable of understanding your writing.A competent writer will match the needs and abilities of their reader and find the most effective way to communicate with a particular reader. It is important to remember that it is not possible to please all the people all the time with the right tone. Writing is an art, not a science, and tone is the most subjective, challenging part of writing. Exercise caution when you write. 24 P a g e LETTER WRITING Types Of Business Letter Enquiry and reply Enquiries for information about goods or go are sent and received in business all the time. They should be acknowledged as briefly as possible or business may be lost. Complaint and adjustment Complaints about goods or aids are inevitable and need to be check intod immediately.Steps should be taken to rectify matters if free grace is to be retained. Job application, of fer and reference A wide variety of letters pass back and forth in the recruitment process. Financial Collection letters, credit requests and credit rating enquiries all come under this heading. Circulars and mailshots To promote goods, services or special events, an organisation may send a letter at the same time to many recipients. Word processors may be used to personalise such messages. Sales letters Attracting potential customers in future promotions, new products or services, and special writing techniques have to be adopted in order to put over the products or services in an interesting and enthusiastic way.Congratulations, sympathy, thanks Maintaining goodwill is important in business. Thank you letters are often sent after a dinner or other function. Messages of condolence may be sent on the death of a business associate or colleague. Congratulations may be sent to associates on promotion or other achievements. Fully Blocked Layout With Open Punctuation The fully-blocked layout is now the most widely used method of display for all business documents. In the business letter, it is only necessary to leave one clear line space between each section of the letter. 1. Letterhead Companys name, address and telephone/fax numbers 2. Reference Initials of writer/typist (often a filing reference) 25 P a g e 3.appointment in order day/month/year 4. Inside address shows name, full postal address, name of state (in lowercase) 5. salutation Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Ms Wong 6. Heading Use ALL capital letters only without underlining. 7. Body of Letter Separate into paragraphs with a new idea each, with one line spacing between each paragraph. 8. Complimentary Close match ? Dear Sir with ? Yours faithfully & ? Dear John with ? Yours sincerely (leave 4/5 lines for signing) 9. Senders figure of speech 10. Title or Department 11. Enclosure indication (attachment/s) ? Enc, if more than one, use ? Encs Open Punctuation Open punctuation mark is often used with the fully blocked layout.All punctuation marks (mainly commas and periods) that are not necessary to ensure grammatical sense are omitted. Some examples of the use of open punctuation are shown below Dates 12 December 2002 Names Mr & Mrs J Sirley Mr Rahimi Yusof Mdm Kavitha Balakrishnan Addresses Mr Aris Yahya Department of automatic data processing Multimedia University Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama 75450 Melaka Salutation and Complimentary close Dear Mr Rahimi Yours sincerely Abbreviations e. g. BA MA PhD ie am pm PS NB VIP 26 P a g e In the body of a message, open punctuation should be used when appropriate Our engineer, Mr D Yew, will be visiting you on Tuesday 14 July at 2 pm in order to investigate the cause of the malfunction.If this appointment is inconvenient, please telephone him on 062523456, ext 123, to make alternative arrangements. Paragraph Division 1 INTRODUCTION (Background and basics) Reason for writing, in reply to a previous letter, contact or document exposit (Det ails and figures) Give instructions, Ask for information, Provide all relevant details (separate into paragraphs for separate themes) RESPONSE Action for recipient to take, Action you will take, A conclusion CLOSE A simple, relevant closing sentence (one-liner) 2 3 4 WRITING THE LETTER OF APPLICATION I) II) Essential qualities Format the most widely used is the complete block format, all principal parts of the letter begin at the left hand margin. Principal parts of a letter.Punctuation- block format requires open punctuation style. That is, no punctuation used except for the body of the letter. III) IV) LETTER OF APPICATION- Your letter should sound like you, conveys something of your own personality. It creates attention and leads the reader to the tended to(p) resume. The aim of the letter is to show enthusiasm and interest in the company and the position. The opening paragraph designs to create attention. Like thick name request and question. The middle paragraph create s desire namely discusses your academic might/educational back ground, work experience in various companies and 27 P a g e responsibilities, ability to work, interest in your field.Elaborate on the strongest traits and reemphasize listed points of resume, additional facts not covered. The closing paragraph shows action. aver clearly when you are available for a talk with the employer/ for an Interview. Be specific, give reachable telephone numbers. The stationary used should be of high quality and similar to that of your resume. In the signature, just print your name not your designation. Keep a carbon copy of your letter for further reference/follow- up. REMEMBER- 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Use good quality paper Should be Type-written Use simple English Date in full, check your spelling, punctuation and grammar errors Should contain all relevant information.Spell the advertisers name and name of the firm correctly Dont exaggerate your achievements Stress your willingness to atten d an interview THE OPENING PARAGRAPH creates attention. Use one of the following 1) sum-up opening 2) name opening 3) request opening 4) question opening Here you state your interest in applying for the post and also the source and date of advertisement. Few possible expressions are 1) I would like to apply for the position of ________ as advertised in the _______ dated _______. I would like to be considered as a candidate for the __________ position advertised in the ________ dated _________. With reference to your advertisement in the __________, I have much pleasure in applying for the position of _________.I am very interested in the vanity you have advertised in the ______ dated _____ for a _______ and wish to offer my service. 2) 3) 4) 28 P a g e The CLOSING PARAGRAPH calls for Action/Asks for action. You ask for an interview and show willingness to attend one. dedicate your phone number for them to contact you or say you will call for an interview. And lastly show than kfulness and thank the recipient. Possible useful expressions are- 1) 2) 3) I hope you will call me for an interview. I am enclosing a resume and look forward to a call from you. I trust you will consider my application favourably and grant me an interview etc. 29 P a g e LETTER WRITING FORMAT ReferenceST/zj Multimedia University Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama 75450 Melaka 29 January 2010 General Manager Flexibletron Sdn Bhd Cheng Industrial surface area 73200 Melaka Dear Sir/Madam Recipients address Senders address Date Salutation bow COMPLAIN ABOUT STAFF ATTITUDE Introduction or opening I am writing this letter to complain about how my staff and I were treated by your customer service officers when we visited your installing two weeks ago. When one my staff asked the clerk for help, she ignored him. Instead, she continued gossiping to her colleague, pretending not to hear. When I interrupted, one of them stared at me, while the other one filed her fingernails.I politely asked her for a ssistance, and she unwillingly gave me a form and told me to fill it up quickly as she was about to have her tea break. Our university has been regularly visiting your facility as part of our collaborative effort for our students. The bad experience I had obviously shows that your customer service needs a lot of retraining. It is hoped that the management will do something about it, or we will consider collaborating with another company in the future. Thank you. Yours faithfully Complimentary Close The details The response or action SThemoli Prof Dr Sharmila Themoli Director of Academic Affairs Signature, full name & position 30 P a g eWRITING A CURRICULAM VITAE (Resume) A resume is a highly personal and individual epitome of a persons background, experience, training and skills. The French word RESUME means ? a summary? , OR ? a short history. It contains certain amount of essential information, which may vary from individual to individual, depending on his experience and qualifi cation. Dos and Donts for compiling your CV Make sure your CV is ? ? ? ? ? relevant easy to read and easy to follow selling your achievements and skills accurate and detailed truthful Make sure your CV is not ? ? ? ? ? full of irrelevant information jumbled up, cramped and untidy a list of job titles and duties vague and lacking in details dishonestParts of the resume- Personal Particulars 1) 2) 3) 4) HEADING The name of the individual ADDRESS Your complete address CONTACT NO Your telephone number where you can be reached easily. in-person DETAILS Where ever appropriate add date and place of birth, I. C Number, Nationality, Race, Religion, weight, Height, Marital Status etc). THE slur SOUGHT An objective statement that clearly describes the type of position you hope to obtain. 5) 31 P a g e 6) PROFILE A profile is your banner- a summary of your selling points. The aim of a profile is to hold the readers attention and give a brief overview of who you are, mainly to ? sidle up your main skills and experience ? emphasise your personal attributes ? otivate the reader into wanting to know more Write in short note form and use third person. E. g ? A flexible and well- motivated individual who takes great pride in her work. Excellent communication skills at all levels. Able to form effective working relationships quickly. Excellent administrative skill, well organised and good time Manager. ? An experienced and qualified flight simulator with experience in business, administrative and management skills. Able to develop a rapport with people easily. self-propelling presenter with a lively and humorous style which creates a highly stimulating learning environment. 7) didactics A detailed record of your education, both formal and informal.Start with the highest qualification first. QUALIFICATIONS List all your academic qualifications individually. operative EXPERIENCE A detailed record of your employment history in reverse chronological order- the prese nt job first. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Any information relevant to the job sought after, anything you have promulgated if relevant to the job objectives, hobbies, special achievements etc. REFEREES At least two names are to be mentioned with complete address and contact numbers. They can be your previous employer, teacher etc. Prior licence must be obtained from the referees before quoting their names. 8) 9) 10) 11) 32 P a g eSkeleton Layout- Using such a simple display your CV will look neat and attractive, and a potential employer will be able to see all your details at a glance CURRICULAM VITAE Personal Details Name Address Telephone Nationality Date of Birth Marital Status POSITION SOUGHT The vacant position you are seeking Compose a summarised personal profile Tabulate in 3 columns in chronological order List them all individually Present job first, working backwards Hobbies? circumscribed achievements? Results awaited? Previous employer, teacher etc. PROFILE EDUCATION Dates QUALIFICATIONS School/College Course Dates Examining Body Subject WORKING EXPERIENCE Dates Employer Position/Duties ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REFEREES 1 Month and year only Date 2 3 P a g e MEMORANDUM Memorandum, or memos as they are usually called, form a widely used communication channel throughout an organisation, operating in all directions- vertically, horizontally and diagonally. Purposes of a Memorandum ? ? ? ? ? to convey information, instructions or requirements to put forward suggestions or ideas for consideration to ask for assistance or co-operation to seek information to clarify some details etc. To instruct or to inform staff MEMO to make suggestions To request action to report on progress To remind something to provide information 34 P a g e Tips for improve Memos 1. Make a plan first before writing your memo.Group your points together into a logical sequence. 2. warrant your message is as clear as possible, stating all the background information and putting forward all the facts without being long winded. 3. Separate the message into points, grouping related points together in paragraphs. Make sure the paragraphs are organised in a logical sequence for easier reading and understanding. 4. Take time to improve your presentation so that the message looks good. 5. Use numbered points and sub-headings where appropriate. 6. Use simple, clear and business-like language. 7. Keep your message brief and to the point, without any unnecessary information. 8.Make sure the tone of your message is appropriate, considering the reader, sender and the topic. 9. Adopt the personal ? you and ? I, with a natural, colloquial style. 10. Keep your tone positive where possible. 35 P a g e Example of a memo MEMO Use typical memo heading TO All Staff at Rennaisance nucleus Burger King FROM Johnson Muthu, Manager DATE 13 December, 2009 SUBJECT New Educational Incentives Plan Open with the specific information Do not include inside address or salutation Beginning January 2010, you can take advantage of an exciting new education programme for all employees of our Rennaisance Centre Burger King. The programme will allow you to receive free books and tuition to Bukit Beruang Community College.Anyone who works at least 10 hours a week is eligible although you are not required to participate. The programme is open to all employees regardless of how long theyve worked at this centre. Those who participate will continue to earn their usual salary for the time they work. All participants are encouraged to do their best in their courses. Salaries wont be affected by the academic performance in their courses. Ill be happy to answer any questions you might have about how working for Burger King can help you earn free college tuition jus