Tom Shiftlet Was Happy with the Craters

O’Conner portrays Mr. Shiftlet very vaguely at the beginning of the story, but she tells readers a few facts about him that are vital to understanding who Tom really is. Mr. Shiftlet comes with an open heart to the Crater’s residence. He admires their home and is willing to work if they let him stay. This reveals that Tom is a hard working man. Although he seems to have an overly keen interest in their automobile, which seems suspicious, he makes an effort to make life easier for Lucynell Sr. and Jr. He even takes the time to Teach Lucynell Jr. a word. Up until this point he seems genuinely happy making them happy. Once Mrs. Crater starts trying to force tom to marry her daughter, he starts becoming uncomfortable with the situation. He even tries to go on as if nothing had happened and keep living as they were, but that does not work and Mrs. Crater keeps forcing it upon him. The most important fact that is revealed about Tom is that he is extremely unhappy with his life. Readers know that he ran away from his mother when he was younger and that he now regrets it very much. He also ends up running away from Mrs.  Crater when she started to try to control him. This suggests that Tom is not very fond of people controlling him. And although he continually runs away he is very unhappy with the decisions that he has made over the course of the years but instead of standing his ground and fixing his problems and himself, he runs away. Mr. Shiftlet introduces himself as a carpenter to Mrs. Carter and has a tin box to prove it. He seems, however, very hesitant to tell her anything else about himself since whenever she asked him a question, â€Å"he didn't answer† (977). He promptly proves his worth the next morning when â€Å"he began on the roof of the garden house† (978). â€Å"He had not been around a week before the change he had made was apparent. He had patched the front and back steps, built a new hog pen, and restored a fence† (978-9). The question most readers would ask is why would he go through all the trouble to fix all of these things? The literal answer may seem simple and functional: he wants to create a trusting atmosphere so he could lure Lucynell into somehow giving him the car. That is, after all what he seems to want. His eye are always â€Å"focused on part of the automobile† (978) and he was able to get it in the end, but it is clearly not what he really wants or needs since he still â€Å"became depressed in spite of the car† (982). What Tom really wanted was to feel loved and needed without being controlled. He wanted to be part of a family again, but under his terms. So he tried with all his might, and even went to the extent of teaching the deaf girl to speak, to make the situation work the way he wanted it to. What he quickly realized was that Lucynell Sr. had a plan for him. As the story progresses readers find that Mr. Shiftlet is quite unhappy with his past. He seems upset when Mrs. Crater calls him a â€Å"poor disabled friendless drifting man† (980). Although she is stating exactly who he is and what he presents himself to be, he does not approve and â€Å"the ugly words settled in his head a like a group of buzzards† (980). Later on in the conversation when Mrs. Crater accuses Tom of milking her, he is â€Å"deeply hurt by the word milk† (981). These two examples demonstrate how hard it is for Tom to deal with reality. Lucynell does nothing but state simple facts, yet he is still disturbed by them. This may mean that he wants to change, or it may mean that he wants to start over altogether. After he takes the car and leaves Lucynell Jr. at the Hot Spot â€Å"he was more depressed then ever as he drove on by himself† (982). This is very intriguing because he no longer has to care for Lucynell, he has money and a car, yet he is still unhappy, and maybe even more than before. Again this shows that all Tom wants is to be part of a family, like he once was. He wants another chance since he ruined the one he had with his mother long ago by running away. Taking into consideration Tom’s feelings and actions, readers can now see the real problem. Tom is a very insecure person, and he is not content with the person that he has become. He claims to have never â€Å"rued a day of his life like the one he rued when he left† (983) his mother. The events that take place after this obviously force him to think negatively of himself. He is not able to handle problems so he takes to running away from them. And like an addict, he keeps on running faster and faster, knowing full well that it is not the right thing to do. It seems as if he is unable to wrap his mind around the ides of someone telling him what to do. When he married Lucynell, he was â€Å"morose and bitter as if he had been insulted† (981). Although Tom is portrayed as a very strong character that takes charge of situations and achieves what he wants, it becomes quite clear as the story goes on that he is the complete opposite. Lucynell Sr. quickly takes control of his life and becomes a little greedy with her demands. It is not enough for her that Tom has made her and her daughter’s lives eons better, and that he has every intention of continuing to do so. She forces him to marry her daughter, and this proves to be too much for Tom. The only thing he knows how to do is to run away from anyone who tries to make decisions for him. He is very discontent with himself and is almost disgusted with what he is; a disabled, drifting, and friendless man. To get rid of some of the disgust, he runs away and tries to start over. This substitutes his inability to repair his own problems and the constant need to flee. In the end, it is safe to say that Tom T. Shiftlet has the desire to be good, and conquer his own problems, but has not found the courage or the ability to do so. He has the desire to be part of a family and be a proper man, but is unable to accept the fact that he cannot control everything all the time. For now he is still a carpenter, and that is as far as his ability to repair things will go.

Texting While Driving

Stop Texting While Driving Introduction I. Attention Getter- audience participation/ survey a. How many of own a cell phone with texting privileges? b. Now how many of you have ever texted while driving? II. Thesis Statement- Did you know that texting while driving can be more dangerous than driving while drunk? III. Credibility- I found these statistics along with other information on drivinglaws. org and various other sites. IV. Preview- Today I will be discussing statistics, a few laws in different states, and a story in hopes that I will be able to persuade you to ignore texting while driving.Body I. So as I said, texting while driving is more dangerous than drinking while driving. a. Virginia Tech Transportation Institute conducted tests using drivers texting, drivers under the influence of alcohol, and drivers under the influence of marijuana. It has been proven that texting is more dangerous than being under the influence. In fact, a distracted driver is more likely to cause a n accident 2. 8 times as much as a non- distracted driver. The statistics from the study show that drivers, between the age of 17 and 24, reduce their reaction time by 35% while texting.As a driver under the influence of marijuana, reduces their reaction time by 21% and drivers while intoxicated, only 12%. b. Every day in 2008, 800,000 are using cellular devices while driving. Also, every year, 21% of fatal car crashes involve teens results from the distraction of a cell phone. Back in 2002, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis calculated that 2,600 people die each year because of the distraction of cell phones, and another 330,000 are injured. This estimate is expected to increase 4% each year. These deaths and injuries can be avoided if people would put down their cell phones when they get behind a wheel of a car.No text message is worth risking your life. II. Now, 19 states, the District of Columbia, and Guam ban any cell phone usage while driving. One of these states includes Arkans as which is where I lived before coming to college. The governor of Arkansas has passed several bills banning any cell phone usage while driving a motor vehicle. This includes the House Bill 1013 which went into effect back in October. It bans any driver of a motor vehicle to engage in text messaging. A few other states that ban the use of a cell phone while driving are Illinois, California, New York, and Indiana has a ban on any one under the age of 18.III. A lot of young drivers have so much confidence in their driving and texting skills that they think that nothing could ever happen to them. Some of you may even think that you’re a good enough driver that you can text and avoid an accident. I don’t know how well any of you can drive, but I do know you risk your life every time you pull out your cell while driving on the road. I found this video that is too long and too graphic for this speech but I encourage you to go on youtube after this class and watch this video .Just go to Youtube and type in UK texting accident and it will be the first link that pops up. Please watch this video and you will understand why I am stressing this topic. Conclusion I just discussed with you the statistics of driving while driving, states with laws prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving, a video link to visit, and a story from my high school town. I hope you will consider the information I just shared and I strongly urge you to visit the video link, UK texting accident. All I want you to remember after this speech is that no text message is worth risking your life. Texting While Driving When the cell phone was first invented it was made as a personal safety device especially if a person lived alone or some distance from family members. Many of us may line in regions of the country where sudden tornado or hurricanes could occur without warning. Then there are other events such as fires, flooding, and blizzards that may require a quick evacuation or move to a shelter. A cell phone is important to either get help to let others know a person’s location and level of safety. In today’s society cell phone are being used for texting and talking while driving. The state of Alabama is ranked 3rd in nation for texting while driving (State ranks 3rd for texting while driving). There are only six’s states that have passed laws against driving while using a cell phone California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Washington and Virginia (Cell Phone and Texting Laws) . Driving while using a cell phone is precarious because it cause accident, injuries, and deaths between the age 16 and 17. I’d be lying if I said I never text while driving. I recognize the dangers, and try to do it as little as possible. However, there are still incidents that occur. One day, I was driving down highway 14, passing Wal-Mart, and received a text from my mother asking what time football practice was. I went to reply and took my attention away from driving. This immediately endangered myself, and anyone else in the car, with me. Due to my irresponsible action I also endanger driving that surround me while texting. I have no ability to respond to events as they occur around me on the road. Even if I may be able to text while driving and maintain control and crashing if someone around was to do something dumb, my ability to react safety is severely diminished. According to (Push to stop Texting While Driving) 45 percent of drivers between the ages 16 and 17 texting while driving and it is a problem that is growing. In 2007 nearly 1,000 crashes involved 16-17 year old drivers’ (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics). For every 6 seconds of drive, a driver sending or receiving a text message. A trucker reaching for his or her phone or other device is 6. 7 times more likely to experience a truck accident. Amongst adult ant teenager drivers the use of cell phone has become very popular. Majority of teen drivers are influence by parents’ bad habits. They watch their parent bad habits driving with one hand while using their cellular phone. Parents need to be diligent in both telling and showing teenage drivers the safest way to drive while using a cellular phone. One good habit is pull over before making a call. According to (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics) 52 percent of 16 and 17 year old teen drivers answer cell phone on the road. Talking on a cell phone causes nearly 25 percent of accidents in 2008. Almost 6,000 people were killed and a half million was injured in crashes related to drivers who talk on their phones. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young driver reaction time slower than 70 year old. There were 1. 4 million crashes caused by cell phone conversation. And the reason why this is so dangerous because 48 percent of young American from 12-17 say they have been in a car while the driver was texting or talking while driving. The reason for all that is younger people fell a need to be constant contact with other. They put these things before the safety of other on the road. That is why driving using a cell phone is dangerous. Texting While Driving Cause/Effect Essay November 23, 2011 What effect has â€Å"Text Messaging† put on our lives? The term Text Message is defined as a noun, it is an electronic message sent over a cellular network from one cell phone to another by typing words, often in shortened form as â€Å"l8t† for â€Å"late† on the phones numeric or QWERTY keypad. (Dictionary. Com) Over the years text messaging to me has been taken out of content and has been used for things you would not imagine. The younger generations as well as the old are now using text messaging a lot and a lot of people know that it is an addicting activity. Text messaging is being used for many different things in today’s society, some things good and something’s bad. For example we use text messaging at our church in our choir to let the choir members know which colors to wear each Sunday. I honestly believe that text messaging has caused a lot of people to stop spelling out words. Text messaging in my opinion was designed to be a shorter and faster way of communication but in today’s society some people have put down the cell phone but have not started back writing there whole words. I say that to say text messaging also has an affect on peoples English in today’s society. By having an effect on peoples English that causes problems with the kids in school, because it is no secret that by fourth grade if not lower a lot of kids have cell phones and they have learned the activity of text messaging. As I stated before text messaging is a faster shorter way of communication which cause’s you to sometimes break down your words or spell them in ways that are shorter, with kids doing that sometimes it can get hooked to them and when there doing there school work they can misspell a lot of there words because in their head there still texting. This can cause kids to fail there classes due to simple mistakes from texting. This can be prevented though if parents control there kids texting and put a limit on it because if not texting can go a far way such as the term sexting, sexting is sending sexually explicit messages via cell phone or instant messenger. (About. com) you may say what does that have to do with the topic, I believe it has a lot to do with the topic because when you’re talking about texting that’s a big category. The young people in today’s society have taken texting to another level because there growing up and there body is going through different things and their emotions are raging. The best way I believe parents can talk to their kids about texting is to come to them in a way where your not judging them but also letting them know the consequences it could cause and give them time to talk also while you just listen. Sexting is one of the many ways texting can affect our life. Text messaging has become so convenient that people are now texting and driving at the same time which can be very dangerous. This has caused a lot of wrecks and police are really cracking down on this activity. Texting while driving laws have been put in place in some states studies show that Texting while driving laws prohibit the use of electronic devices to write, send or read messages while driving. I have known people to get tickets for texting and driving and have had to pay large fines. In this world today people drive so reckless and careless that your eyes should be on the road at all times when you’re driving. Texting while driving could cause your life or another driver’s life. In my closing I would like to say that I hope something has been said to show you how texting has a huge impact on our lives. Texting While Driving When the cell phone was first invented it was made as a personal safety device especially if a person lived alone or some distance from family members. Many of us may line in regions of the country where sudden tornado or hurricanes could occur without warning. Then there are other events such as fires, flooding, and blizzards that may require a quick evacuation or move to a shelter. A cell phone is important to either get help to let others know a person’s location and level of safety. In today’s society cell phone are being used for texting and talking while driving. The state of Alabama is ranked 3rd in nation for texting while driving (State ranks 3rd for texting while driving). There are only six’s states that have passed laws against driving while using a cell phone California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Washington and Virginia (Cell Phone and Texting Laws) . Driving while using a cell phone is precarious because it cause accident, injuries, and deaths between the age 16 and 17. I’d be lying if I said I never text while driving. I recognize the dangers, and try to do it as little as possible. However, there are still incidents that occur. One day, I was driving down highway 14, passing Wal-Mart, and received a text from my mother asking what time football practice was. I went to reply and took my attention away from driving. This immediately endangered myself, and anyone else in the car, with me. Due to my irresponsible action I also endanger driving that surround me while texting. I have no ability to respond to events as they occur around me on the road. Even if I may be able to text while driving and maintain control and crashing if someone around was to do something dumb, my ability to react safety is severely diminished. According to (Push to stop Texting While Driving) 45 percent of drivers between the ages 16 and 17 texting while driving and it is a problem that is growing. In 2007 nearly 1,000 crashes involved 16-17 year old drivers’ (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics). For every 6 seconds of drive, a driver sending or receiving a text message. A trucker reaching for his or her phone or other device is 6. 7 times more likely to experience a truck accident. Amongst adult ant teenager drivers the use of cell phone has become very popular. Majority of teen drivers are influence by parents’ bad habits. They watch their parent bad habits driving with one hand while using their cellular phone. Parents need to be diligent in both telling and showing teenage drivers the safest way to drive while using a cellular phone. One good habit is pull over before making a call. According to (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics) 52 percent of 16 and 17 year old teen drivers answer cell phone on the road. Talking on a cell phone causes nearly 25 percent of accidents in 2008. Almost 6,000 people were killed and a half million was injured in crashes related to drivers who talk on their phones. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young driver reaction time slower than 70 year old. There were 1. 4 million crashes caused by cell phone conversation. And the reason why this is so dangerous because 48 percent of young American from 12-17 say they have been in a car while the driver was texting or talking while driving. The reason for all that is younger people fell a need to be constant contact with other. They put these things before the safety of other on the road. That is why driving using a cell phone is dangerous. Texting While Driving When the cell phone was first invented it was made as a personal safety device especially if a person lived alone or some distance from family members. Many of us may line in regions of the country where sudden tornado or hurricanes could occur without warning. Then there are other events such as fires, flooding, and blizzards that may require a quick evacuation or move to a shelter. A cell phone is important to either get help to let others know a person’s location and level of safety. In today’s society cell phone are being used for texting and talking while driving. The state of Alabama is ranked 3rd in nation for texting while driving (State ranks 3rd for texting while driving). There are only six’s states that have passed laws against driving while using a cell phone California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Washington and Virginia (Cell Phone and Texting Laws) . Driving while using a cell phone is precarious because it cause accident, injuries, and deaths between the age 16 and 17. I’d be lying if I said I never text while driving. I recognize the dangers, and try to do it as little as possible. However, there are still incidents that occur. One day, I was driving down highway 14, passing Wal-Mart, and received a text from my mother asking what time football practice was. I went to reply and took my attention away from driving. This immediately endangered myself, and anyone else in the car, with me. Due to my irresponsible action I also endanger driving that surround me while texting. I have no ability to respond to events as they occur around me on the road. Even if I may be able to text while driving and maintain control and crashing if someone around was to do something dumb, my ability to react safety is severely diminished. According to (Push to stop Texting While Driving) 45 percent of drivers between the ages 16 and 17 texting while driving and it is a problem that is growing. In 2007 nearly 1,000 crashes involved 16-17 year old drivers’ (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics). For every 6 seconds of drive, a driver sending or receiving a text message. A trucker reaching for his or her phone or other device is 6. 7 times more likely to experience a truck accident. Amongst adult ant teenager drivers the use of cell phone has become very popular. Majority of teen drivers are influence by parents’ bad habits. They watch their parent bad habits driving with one hand while using their cellular phone. Parents need to be diligent in both telling and showing teenage drivers the safest way to drive while using a cellular phone. One good habit is pull over before making a call. According to (Car Accident Cell Phone Statistics) 52 percent of 16 and 17 year old teen drivers answer cell phone on the road. Talking on a cell phone causes nearly 25 percent of accidents in 2008. Almost 6,000 people were killed and a half million was injured in crashes related to drivers who talk on their phones. Talking on a cell phone while driving can make a young driver reaction time slower than 70 year old. There were 1. 4 million crashes caused by cell phone conversation. And the reason why this is so dangerous because 48 percent of young American from 12-17 say they have been in a car while the driver was texting or talking while driving. The reason for all that is younger people fell a need to be constant contact with other. They put these things before the safety of other on the road. That is why driving using a cell phone is dangerous.

Nursing and unions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing and unions - Research Paper Example Sometimes they face problems such as extended work and no appreciation, less compensations, tensed environment and so on. These conditions require some control and for controlling these negativities, nursing unions are there. With the help of unions, the nurses can get their due rights according to their hard work and the efficacy of unions cannot be rejected. Nurses accommodate the people with appropriate strategies that can be adopted for gaining optimal health. The vitality of nurses cannot be negated in the profession of healthcare. Nurses work as individuals as well as groups to help the needy people in terms of health. Nowadays, the lack of attraction towards nursing profession poses a serious concern for the health based departments and public health is endangered. The nurses have the right to gain positive reception for their hard work and in gaining that positive reception, unions play a positive part. Some nurses believe, that one alternative to the current slide in morale is to join together as a collective voice to bring about a change in the healthcare profession, which in turn is boosting the participation in nursing unions. It may lead to improved patient outcome because of increased job satisfaction and increased safety measures designed to protect both nurses and the patients. Because of unionization, more people will be encouraged to join nursing as a profession as they will be sure that their due rights will not be rejected and they will be taken care of. The nurses unions represent industrial interests of nurses employed under all awards and agreements, in both the public and private sectors. Its primary function is to protect the interest of nurses in this profession. Moreover, the association represents and provides for the professional, educational and industrial welfare of nurses in government and non government forums at state, national and international level. (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006) Because of unions, the members of the union stay c ontented that their dignity and respect will not be lost and they will be able to raise their voice against any ignorance or overlooking of their rights. Unions do many tasks such as comprehending the problems of members and taking them to the authorities, accommodating the members by acknowledging that they will always be supported and assisted for their rights and taking appropriate actions for the interests of the members. Therefore, nursing unions are very useful for making the nursing profession an attractive profession. Nurses require registration and for being registered, they are required to complete a course set by Nursing and Midwifery Council. Those that graduate from a college nursing program are considered as registered nurses or RNs. RNs have passed National Licensing exam. Some RNs are also employed in private practice. The RNs play a major role in patient’s healthcare, as they require 24 hours service in terms of assistance in walking, bending, stretching, sta nding and/or other requirements. Nurses may be put to duty during work nights, weekends and even on holidays. (Taiki, 2009) A RN’s scope of practice is determined by each state’s Nurse Practice Act. It outlines what is legal practice for RN and what tasks they may or may not perform. It also dictates the scope of practice for nurse practitioners. (Taiki, 2009) Nursing is constituted as a noble profession. The core of this profession is based upon the social contract that defines the professional rights and responsibilities, along with the

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Journal entry - Essay Example Prior to composing poems and children books, Donald Hall was a teacher; he did not enjoy the job especially when marking the papers of the students. He quit the teaching job to become a poet (Hall 348). Donald Hall provided insufficient information as to how he became a poet. How did he learn that he would enjoy spending the rest of his time at home, writing poems and children books? In addition, he also failed to recognize that it requires a talent for one to be a poet or writer. Not all people are blessed on the same level, and Donald Hall was a gifted individual since he enjoyed writing poems and was gifted in the sector. Through the poems, people were inspired and motivated to change their ways. Nonetheless, not everyone has the capability of using personal interest to earn a living (Hall 349). Therefore, people are forced to work in areas of less interest, to fulfill life’s goals. This has led to a number of people complaining about their careers. Donald Hall could have d iscussed further, how an individual could be able to discover personal interest that could be useful throughout their

Heart disease in older people Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart disease in older people - Term Paper Example Heart diseases mostly affect the aged since they have a very weak system. According to Elliot, Aitken & Chaboyer (2006) about 43% of deaths among the aged population in Australia is usually caused by heart diseases. This paper will focus on smoking and obesity as factors causing heart diseases. The paper will focus on diabetes pressure as the heart disease. According to the Diabetes Atlas (2007), diabetes is chronic condition which is result of an individual having too much sugar in their blood system. Diabetes is also associated with a low production of insulin in the blood system. An insight on obesity as a causing factor indicates it as a major cause. Less generation of insulin in the body can be caused by lack of physical exercises. An obese person has fewer activities which lowers the activity levels of the metabolic system (Williams, 2002). An inactive metabolic system generates very low levels of insulin in the body. Reduced insulin levels make it difficult for one to control their blood sugar levels. In the older population, obesity makes it difficult for them to recover from diabetes. As a factor causing heart diseases high cholesterol levels are the main factors. Obesity in older people is accompanied by greater levels of cholesterol. High cholesterol causes hardening of arteries. This in turn leads to blood clots in the arteries and sudden heart attacks. In Australia the causes of heart attacks and obesity caused by high cholesterol is at 23% annually (Mitchell & Zwaan, 2007)). From the percentage 19% of the diagnosed individuals are above the age of 25. In Australia, smoking is the leading cause of heart diseases in older people. From the heart diseases, diabetes is one of the major diseases diagnosed. Apart from nicotine cigarettes contain other chemicals which have harmful effects to the heart. The chemicals heart the rhythm of the heart, cholesterol levels in the heart and the blood pressure. In older people the effects

The Policy Making Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Policy Making Process - Assignment Example Constitutional Founders had in mind the attempt to curtail war by limiting funding. Lee Hamilton reminds about the need for tension between the Congress and President. The president is not under obligation to make any decisions based points brought forward by the congress and should feel compelled to hear them . The congress does not exist to criticize and serve at the pleasure of the president. The invitation is a quite deliberate and a well thought mechanism created by the constitution framers to mandate wider consultations between the executive and legislature before entering into war. Division in power is an invitation to struggle since it ensures proper measurers before entering into war and that the congress cannot divest power to venture into war .Policy making on Issues concerning terrorism and security is often labeled as the president’s task, though the major decision is made in conjunction with the key advisors in various departments. Policies of sanction mostly rel y on the moral weakness of the targeted nation on the hope that it will be toppled by the difficulties because of the sanctions. The American system continues to demonstrate resilience, mitigate change and the capacity to temper. It has touted the war on terrors as war of ideas in information warfare and public diplomacy . Regarding the Washington battle, many anticipate the present regime crumbles in the presence of the Arabs, and it does not guarantee that the replacement will stop enriching levels of Uranium.

Crosspost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crosspost - Essay Example Importantly, Killeen and King (2007) observe that nurses should consider how to mitigate factors that could strain the mutual communication between the nurse and the client in an effort to achieve the intended goals. Such factors include age, sex, education and the sensory system of the client among others. King’s theory compares to Dr. Patricia Benner’s novice to expert theory. King postulates humans as open systems constantly interacting with the environment, a concept which Benner uses to argue that expert nurses would develop their patient care skills and understanding over time through interaction of education and experience (Treas & Wilkinson, 2014). Both theories appreciate continuous learning among nurses so as to attain the nursing objectives. However, while King argues that effective nurse-patient interaction would propagate the attainment of the desired nursing goals, Benner observes that education and experience would enable a nurse meet the intended objectives in the profession. Furthermore, it would be appreciated that while King’s goal attainment theory focused on human healthcare as the goal of nursing, Benner’s novice to expert theory focuses on becoming an expert. Killeen, M. B. & King, I. M. (2007). Viewpoint: Use of King’s conceptual system, nursing informatics, and nursing classification systems for global communication. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 18 (2), 51 – 57. doi:

Corporate Financial Information Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Corporate Financial Information Analysis - Essay Example In simple words almost all have their own strategies to survive the downturn and afloat their businesses. This report aims to offer an insight into the financial analysis of the two companies in the light of the credit crisis on the financial state of these companies. The past and current financial performances of any company are significant to shape up the future funding strategies of the respective organisation. Shareholders’ wealth creation is significant for any organisation. The impact of credit crisis on the creation of shareholders’ wealth of the two companies is analyzed in this report to make the analysis more judicious. Balfour Beatty and Redrow are two leading players in the housing development and infrastructure industry. Both of these companies are listed in FTSE 250 index. These two are taken up for financial analysis to detect the effect of financial downturn on the market. Balfour Beatty: This UK organisation is a renowned name in road infrastructure, electrical and mechanical engineering, support services and other disciplines (Balfour Beatty, n.d.). In the year 2009, the company ranked 19th among the international leagues table of contractors. Established in the year 1909, it is now one of the largest fixed rail infrastructures contracting company across the globe. The company handles infrastructure building, including civil and rail engineering for a wide range of products. Apart from UK, the organisation also focuses on asset management and capital projects in United States (Hoovers, 2010). In future, its strengths and well-developed strategy will help it to retain the respected position. Redrow is one of the leading property development organisations in UK. Imaginative design and quality customer service have been the key pillars of its operation (Redrow, 2010). At the time of financial downturn, the entire housing market of UK was in a very vulnerable

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job Essay

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job - Essay Example 101). In the conduct of their profession, journalists are practically confronted with various ethical dilemmas that it would be better for them to be armed with ethical theories than not. Furthermore, ethical theory becomes more important to journalists given the impact they can create to their readership (public opinion) and the society (public values) as a whole – which according to Iggers (1998, p. 15) makes journalism ethics unique – especially in this era of corporate journalism wherein the interest of capital often clashes with that of the public, putting in jeopardy journalism’s long-held principles as defined by the Society of Professional Journalists (1973): â€Å"Seek truth and report it; minimize harm; act independently; and be accountable† (Friend & Singer 2007, p. xix; Boeyink & Sandra 2010, p. 17; Black & Roberts 2011, p. 51). Hanlin (1992, p. 28) is perfectly understandable to say that â€Å"many critics might agree with the suggestion that any man rich enough to buy a newspaper should not be allowed to own one.† This statement simply illustrates how the situation and the organisation in which journalists perform their profession today make journalism ethically challenging. It is easy to criticise journalists in fulfilling their profession. But the very condition in which journalists perform their profession oftentimes puts them in situations that test their ethical principles. For example, while journalists are committed to reporting the truth – which is believed to be the core of journalism – finding the truth, especially the dangerous ones, is actually something not easy to achieve in legal and even ethical ways. So, what course of action should journalists take if the only way to find the truth is either by stealing the information or by using deceptive strategies? (Jackson 1992, p. 69) Would it be unethical to go into stealing, lying and deceiving in the name of truth? But what would happen wi th journalism if it defaults in finding out and reporting the truth? The answer to this question will surely vary depending on the ethical theory that journalists hold onto. For example, one may find the task to bring out the truth by any means more important than observing the law. Anyway, it is often argued that not all that is legal is ethical and not all that is ethical may be legal. It may also be argued that the end justify the means. Added to this ethical dilemma is the issue of confidentiality in journalism. The News Manual defines the centrality of confidentiality of sources in the ethics of journalism on the basis of trust. Meaning, journalists may divulge information given in confidence, but must protect the identity of their sources not unless the sources permit journalists to name them. Any breach on this agreement might jeopardize the whole profession, because in the future sources may no longer give sensitive information in confidence. (Ingram & Henshall, 2008) In rel ation to acquiring information through illegal means, journalists can deny it by opting to invoke this confidentiality clause. But to resort to such trick only worsens the ethical dilemma because aside from lying, this clause that is meant to protect sources is maliciously used. Though the confidentiality clause can be misused by journalists to get away with the law, this same clause can also put journalists into an extremely difficult situation. In

Intellectual property rights relating to your practice work and your Essay

Intellectual property rights relating to your practice work and your learning contract - Essay Example Interior designing is an emerging field of architecture that is taking the form of immense creativity, fashion statement and financial investments. Due to its rising demand around the world, the interior designs and products are becoming a necessary luxury item in households. Each interior design or product is custom made with unique combination of raw materials to create a new design that is unique, modern and one-of-its-kind. This special report aims to explore various IPRs available when combined can provide comprehensive protection of each interior design and product. To achieve this aim, the report has the objective to explore each type of intellectual property rights, their differences, strengths and weaknesses, protection and management issues. Furthermore, it will explore the world wide protection available to interior designs or products. It will also propose appropriate action to take, to capture, retain and manage a mix of IPR for a particular project or design. It will ex plore how to trace and negotiate rights for IPR held by others. 2 What is an Interior Design / Product? The interior designs or products are the furnishings and fittings for interior decoration purposes. These include audiovisual and presentations, bedrooms, arts, crafts and antiques, bathrooms and washrooms, building elements, decorative materials, dining room, fabrics and soft furnishings, flooring, heating and cooling, interior landscapes, kitchens, leisure and entertainment, lighting, living room furniture, mirrors, frames and clocks, office and outdoor furniture, public seating, shelving and storage, signs and notice boards, speciality and contract furniture, wall and ceiling finishes and window treatments. This list is not exhaustive. 3 Types of Intellectual Property Rights in an Interior Design The basic types of IPRs include Patents, Designs, Trademarks, Service Marks, Copyrights and Related Rights, Trade Secrets, Domain Names, Geographical Indications, Integrated Circuit De signs and Plant Breeder Rights. Each of these types protect one kind of work. For instance, patents protect inventions, processes and discoveries whereas, trademarks protect the brand names, slogans, company name, etc. In order to comprehensively protect an interior design or product, it is important to ensure that every aspect is properly protected through the acquisition and maintenance of the right type of IPR. The unique combination of IPRs to protect an interior design or product includes patents, designs, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and domain names. Lockwood (2007) enumerated ten leading ways through which the value of a design can be gauged. He postulated that Storage Trek created an interior design that affected positively 5,000 employees however, its value was also maintained through its comprehensive IP protection. Therefore, it assisted Storage Trek to create that design, use it and still able to sell in the market without losing it to any copycat. Ferrill and Tanhehco (2011) also highlighted the benefits of protecting designs. Scott (2011) postulated that

Principal and practice of managment Essay Example for Free

Principal and practice of managment Essay The Principles of Scientific Management is a monograph or a specialist work published by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. Scientific management is a new thinking on management. The literary meaning of scientific management is performing the work of management in a scientific manner. In other words, discarding the traditional approaches to management and adopting newer and more scientific approaches in their place is called scientific management. Taylor has said that before commencing any work, a manager should first analyze it thoroughly, and only then take any decision, first let’s try to understand the principles of scientific management by Taylor in brief then we will see why these scientific principles differ from the ordinary principles. Scientific management by Taylor consisted of four principles- 1.They develop a science for each element of a mans work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. 2.They scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself as best he could. 3.They heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done in accordance with the principles of the science which has been developed. 4.There is an almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between the management and the workmen. The management take over all work for which they are better fitted than the workmen, while in the past almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the men. Now let’s try to see why principles of scientific management differ from the ordinary principles. Below are the points where we can see the important principles of scientific management and the difference between principles of scientific management and ordinary principles. †¢Decisions are made on the basis of facts and by the application of scientific decisions in scientific management principles in contrast to ordinary principles. †¢Scientific management principle suggests that work assigned to any employee should be observed, analyzed with respect to each and every element and part and time involved in it in contrast to ordinary principles. †¢Scientific management brings replacement of ordinary rule of thumb by the use of method of enquiry, investigation, data collection, analysis and framing of rules. †¢In  the Scientific management, management has to provide opportunities for development of workers having better capabilities in contrast to ordinary principles. †¢According to Taylor efforts should be made to develop each employee to his greatest level and efficiency prosperity in the Scientific management principle. †¢Physical, mental other requirement should be specified for each and every job. †¢There should be scientifically designed procedure for the selection of workers in contrast to ordinary principle. †¢Workers should be selected trained to make them fit for the job. †¢The management has to provide opportunities for development of workers having better capabilities. †¢According to Taylor efforts should be made to develop each employee to his greatest level and efficiency prosperity. †¢Taylor believed in co-operation and not individualism. †¢It is only through co-operation that the goals of the enterprise can be achieved efficiently. †¢There should be no conflict between managers workers. †¢Taylor believed that interest of employer employees should be fully harmonized so as to secure mutually understanding relations between them. †¢This principle determines the concrete nature of roles to be played by different level of managers workers. †¢The management should assume the responsibility of planning the work whereas workers should be concerned with execution of task. †¢Thus planning is to be separated from execution.

Impact of Consumer Credit Laws

Impact of Consumer Credit Laws In today’s consumer based society, the need for credit is undoubted. More and more individuals and organisations are reliant upon credit to undertake their day to day activities, thus the role of credit in society has magnified in unmeasurable amounts. There are also more personal credit products available on the market than when the original Consumer Credit Act 1974 was drawn up, thus there is more of a need to regulate these products and the relationships between creditor and debtor in order to avoid any unfair conduct on the part of either party. As the Government White Paper suggests: The laws governing this market were set out a generation ago. In 1971, there was only one credit card available; now there are 1,300. 30 years ago,  £32m was owed on credit cards; now it is over  £49bn. The regulatory structure that was put in place then is not the same as the regulatory structure required today. As the credit market has developed, reforms have become necessary to modernise the current regime and update it for the 21st century.[1] This evidence clearly supports the idea that the previous rules governing consumer credit relationships are significantly outmoded and outdated, and are in dire need of updating and reworking to meet the needs of a modern society. The nature of the relationship between a debtor and their creditor or supplier has subsequently become more complex and legalistic, and requires rules that govern these specific relationships without relying upon the general principles that can be found in, say, the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, which will be discussed in more detail in due course. This brief intends to consider the new provisions of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 and determine whether this legislation goes too far in protecting the rights of debtors, as opposed to the rights of creditors and suppliers. These conclusions will be drawn based upon consideration of the primary legislation, including the previous Consumer Credit Act 1974, as well as the apparent diverse and conflicting nature of secondary sources on this issue. It appears that a number of viewpoints could be explored, and this brief intends to do just that in order to arrive at the most appropriate conclusion. The Government had already completed a review of the 1974 Act in its White Paper, which will be discussed shortly. This Paper identified key areas where the law was not protecting the rights of consumers, and often allowed credit companies to take advantage of vulnerable individuals in order to rise to the top of what has effectively become a crowded and cut-throat marketplace. Each company is trying to sell its product to consumers, each trying to maximise the revenue it can make from it. In order to avoid innocent Britons from being exploited by unregulated corporations, the Government commission its review into the Consumer Credit Act 1974 before drafting the Consumer Credit Act 2006, in order to ensure that the new law was going to address the most salient of concerns of con sumers. It was also important to define who should be afforded protection under the new law. Should it be aimed at the general British consumer, or should it have specifications that restrict who could rely upon these provisions based upon certain socio-economic factors? This is where this report will begin. Perhaps the best place to begin would be to continue considering the DTI’s White Paper on consumer credit in the 21st century. While it does not consider the current Consumer Credit Act 2006 in express terms due to its publication several years before its enactment, it does highlight the perceived inadequacies of the then existing consumer credit protections of the Consumer Credit Act 1974. Firstly, it appears that the Government is concerned with establishing a transparent marketplace that prevents debtors from being taken advantage of by creditors and suppliers. It plans to accomplish this by having clear and effective regulations in place to govern the use of advertising in selling credit products.[2] This intends to address the inadequacies provided not only by the 1974 Act, but also by the Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989 due to the recently explosive nature of consumer credit products and contracts. The rationale behind such a move by the government can only be suggested to attempt to protect the consumer against any deceptive or misleading conduct by creditors through advertising promotional campaigns that could unduly influence them into entering into consumer credit contracts which do not specifically cater for their needs or financial situations. This would be consistent with the notion that the intention of the 2006 Act is to protect the consumer/debtor more so than the creditor, due to their more vulnerable position in the marketplace. Quite obviously, disparity does exist between the negotiation and contractual powers of debtors and creditors, and thus the intention of the Government is to create a more level playing field, allowing them to do business in a manner which is not only legal, but also moral and ethical. Another way the Government claimed this will be done in its White Paper was through standardisation of the form of consumer credit contracts.[3] This would, theoretically, ensure that there are minimal difference s between the standard terms of a consumer credit contract regardless of who the credit provider was, and regardless of what the actual lending product was. Again, this clearly is intended to protect the debtor more so than the creditor, given the disparity in contractual and negotiation abilities and resources available to the two parties. The Government even intends to reflect the changes in the way we contract that have come into existence since the 1974 Act, including online contracts. The rationale behind this is that the use of the internet in contractual dealings can often lead to an increased possibility of fraud on the part of either party.[4] What this means is that one could quite possibly enter into a contractual agreement through an online method without going through the full stringent identity criteria as they might be required to if they were personally entering into this agreement at, say, a bank. Normally a 100-point ID check, or similar procedure, may be used or r elied upon by a creditor in order to ensure that they were dealing with the person whose name appears on the contractual documents. However, this may also extend to a debtor where the reliability of the credit provider could not be ascertained. This protection would then effectively protect both the creditor and debtor to ensure that the contract was reliable, and that the correct person or entity was included as a party to the agreement. Perhaps the most important aspect of the Government White Paper regarding consumer credit contracts is the introduction of more stringent licensing criteria for credit providers. The Government’s hope, in 2003, was that the reform to the consumer credit laws would give the Office of Fair Trading more power to investigate credit providers to ensure that they were complying with the terms of the license granted upon them. Previously, the DTI claimed that the tests that a credit provider was required to pass to gain a license only determined whether they initially met these criteria, and did not illustrate whether they continued to meet the criteria, and thus remain fit to provide credit to consumers.[5] This would, theoretically, maintain the integrity of the consumer credit industry, making it much safer for consumers to deal in the sometimes overwhelming credit market. Again, this appears to be protecting the consumer’s interests more so than those of the credit supplie r. The DTI has identified a number of areas that the Consumer Credit Act 1974 was lax in upholding and protecting in the interests of consumer credit, and it would appear that, based upon the general consensus of this White Paper (a fundamental research document that highlights the Government’s intention in reforming particular laws) that the DTI is more concerned about consumers being taken advantage of due to developments in the credit market that tend to fall outside the scope of the 1974 Act. This is mainly due to social and technological advances that were not within comprehension at the time the 1974 Act came into enforcement and a lack of reform since that time. However, while the shortfalls of the Act have been duly illustrated by the DTI, what if a consumer continues to have a problem with a credit contract? To what institution do they turn to exercise their right of redress? The DTI uses its White Paper to harangue the idea of the Financial Ombudsman Service being e mpowered to investigate contractual dispute involving consumer credit. This would create an alternative dispute resolution pathway that may ultimately avoid the pomposity, risk and financial burden that was previously required in order to take a matter to court. Rather, this would make the dispute resolution procedure much more appealing and affordable to a consumer, giving them more opportunity to vindicate their legal rights where they might otherwise be precluded from doing so due to pressing financial commitments. This does gear itself towards the consumer more so than the creditor, as a credit providing company would presumably have a greater access to legal expertise and resources by comparison to the individual person, thus the DTI found it prudent to address the shortfalls of the 1974 Act in protecting individual debtors. While these have all been appropriately illustrated by the DTI’s White Paper, it is important to note that this was simply and analysis of the 1974 Act in conjunction with today’s developing credit-based society, and does not in itself give rise to any legal effect. It does, however, point out the reasons behind the Government’s wish to reform consumer credit laws, and gives one a way to measure the effectiveness of the now enacted Consumer Credit Act 2006 by applying these criteria. It is now important to consider the express provisions of this Act in order to determine whether these shortfalls identified by the DTI have been adequately addressed and protected by the new Act. Before considering the possible codification of the DTI’s discussion in the Consumer Credit Act 2006, it is important to establish the scope of application for this Act. It does not apply to businesses or corporations who enter into consumer credit contracts solely for business purposes. Rather, it serves to protect individuals that may be at less of a negotiation or contracting position than what a business would which may have access to virtually unlimited capital. The 2006 Act defines an ‘individual’ as: (a) a partnership consisting of two or three persons not all of whom are bodies corporate; and (b) an unincorporated body of persons which does not consist entirely of bodies corporate and is not a partnership.[6] The inclusion of these two categories as ‘individuals’ for the purposes of the Act gives more people protection under the Act than what may have been afforded otherwise under the 1974 Act, thus ensuring more consumers are protected. It clearly precludes large businesses and corporations from seeking protection under the Act, thus ensuring that only those who may not necessarily be able to provide their own legal protection are protected by law from being taken advantage of. Additionally, section 2 of the 2006 Act removes the previously existing financial limits for protection under the Act ( £25,000)[7] thus broadening the scope of application, however section 3 excludes consumers with a ‘high net worth’ from also obtaining protection under the Act, which subsequently re-limits the scope of application to those consumers who really are in need of consumer protection. The presence of these provisions in the 2006 Act suggests that the intention of the Act is to provide protection for those that may otherwise be at a disability to do so of their own will and accord. One of the most important changes that the 2006 Act has made to consumer credit regulation is the ability of a court to now hear matters relating to unfair credit relationships. The powers of the court in such circumstances have been defined, as have the procedural requirements for bringing such a matter before a court.[8] Under the newly amended sections of the 1974 Act, a court must have regard for the following factors when adjudicating on the issue of an unfair relationship: (a) any of the terms of the agreement or of any related agreement; (b) the way in which the creditor has exercised or enforced any of his rights under the agreement or any related agreement; (c) any other thing done (or not done) by, or on behalf of, the creditor (either before or after the making of the agreement or any related agreement).[9] Additionally, the remedies available to the court include: (a) require the creditor, or any associate or former associate of his, to repay (in whole or in part) any sum paid by the debtor or by a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement (whether paid to the creditor, the associate or the former associate or to any other person); (b) require the creditor, or any associate or former associate of his, to do or not to do (or to cease doing) anything specified in the order in connection with the agreement or any related agreement; (c) reduce or discharge any sum payable by the debtor or by a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement; (d) direct the return to a surety of any property provided by him for the purposes of a security; (e) otherwise set aside (in whole or in part) any duty imposed on the debtor or on a surety by virtue of the agreement or any related agreement; (f) alter the terms of the agreement or of any related agreement; (g) direct accounts to be taken, or (in Scotland) an accounting to be made, between any persons.[10] Essentially these provisions allow a debtor to challenge a consumer credit contract on the basis of it being ‘unfair’ to them, and empower a court to take remedial action where the law was previously vague and uncertain. It affords the debtor further protection from a creditor, given them a clear indication of their rights where they believe they have fallen victim to unfair conduct. It may serve to exonerate them from a contract they were having difficulty to adhering to because the terms were quite clearly outside their ability to keep to, or similar arguments. While this does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman, which will be discussed shortly, it still allows a debtor to seek protection from the law from a consumer credit contract that they must have otherwise been contractually obliged to perform. This does not suggest that avoidance of a contract under these provisions is easier by any means as just cause still needs to be shown pursuant to the rules a nd principles of evidence and court, however there is no disputing the fact that this statutory remedy is available to those who are in dire need of exercising it where a contract can be construed as being unfair. Unfairness may result from the terms of the contract itself, or from any conduct by the creditor arising after the commencement of the agreement, thus this legislation appears to be catering more for the debtor than the creditor. These provisions specifically cover, in their express terms, any unfairness arising from the conduct of the creditor, as does not relate to the debtor as such. When viewed in conjunction with the application and definition provisions outlined above, it is clear that this law only intends to serve the individual, and not the creditor. In addition to the ‘unfair relationship’ protection through the courts afforded to debtors by the introduction of the 2006 Act, it also contains an alternative dispute resolution pathway that can often avoid a long and arduous litigation process. Sections 59-61 of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 confer powers upon the Financial Services Ombudsman to hear any disputes that involve licensed persons (i.e. a credit provider company licensed under the 2006 Act, which will be discussed shortly), and will also bind these license holders to abide by any decisions made by the FSO in accordance with Schedule 2. Section 59 of the Act requires that any person holding a license to provide consumer credit must submit to the jurisdiction of the Financial Ombudsman Service in order to resolve any disputes which the FOS is empowered by the Act to hear. In order for the dispute to fall within the scope of the jurisdiction of the FOS, it must meet the eligibility criteria outlined in the new section 226A of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (inserted by the 2006 Act), which are: (a) the complainant is eligible and wishes to have the complaint dealt with under the scheme; (b) the complaint falls within a description specified in consumer credit rules; (c) at the time of the act or omission the respondent was the licensee under a standard licence or was authorised to carry on an activity by virtue of section 34A of the Consumer Credit Act 1974; (d) the act or omission occurred in the course of a business being carried on by the respondent which was of a type mentioned in subsection (3); (e) at the time of the act or omission that type of business was specified in an order made by the Secretary of State; and (f) the complaint cannot be dealt with under the compulsory jurisdiction.[11] Essentially, if the complaint is one that falls under the compulsory jurisdiction of the Financial Ombudsman Service that is granted under section 226 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, then it will not fall under the new consumer credit power. The presence of these provisions makes it more effective and less costly for an aggrieved person to raise a dispute with a consumer credit contract that they have entered, which can (and most likely will) avoid the matter proceeding before a court. This makes the dispute resolution process more accessible for individual persons that may not have otherwise had the available funds to commence a legal action in court. Finally, the other main practical change that the Consumer Credit Act 2006 has made to credit law is the introduction of more stringent licensing criteria for businesses and companies wanting to enter the market to sell credit products to consumers. Section 38 of the 2006 Act inserts a provision in the 1974 Act at section 33A which empowers the Office of Fair Trading to make regulations that will govern the distribution of licenses to these parties. This allows the Government the flexibility to adapt the regulations to address the changing social climate in a way that the broad framework of the 1974 Act could not. This would, then, allow the Government to impose regulations on advertising and other consumer interaction which may otherwise escape the broad legal framework of legislation. Additionally, section 44-46 of the 2006 Act specify requirements in relation to the provision of licensing assessment information (and changes thereof) by license applicants to the OFT, which allows t he OFT to make a continual assessment as to the fitness of a party to hold a credit provision license. This was one of the key shortfalls that the White Paper suggested, and appears to have been addressed adequately in the new law. Civil penalties of up to  £50,000 now apply if a licensed person or business fails to comply with the conditions of its credit provision license.[12] Finally, an appeals system has been established by sections 55-58 of the 2006 Act which allow for appeals against a decision by the OFT to grant a license to an applicant, which gives rise to a method of review via the newly established Consumer Credit Appeals Tribunal. This provides for an administrative review of the decisions handed down by the OFT in relation to their licensing and regulative powers within the Act, which may be able to be judicially reviewed by the Court of Appeal with the leave of the Court (on questions of law, not fact).[13] This appeal procedure again appears to be consistent with the notion that the rationale of the Consumer Credit Act 2006 is to protect the rights and interests of debtors as opposed to those of creditors and suppliers. It appears that the idea of this Act is to saturate the market with new regulations that control the way creditors enter into consumer credit contracts with their debtors, and does not necessarily cater for the needs of creditors as such. In conclusion, it would appear that the Consumer Credit Act 2006 caters more so for the rights and interests of debtors than those of creditors, however it would be difficult to maintain an argument to suggest that the law goes too far in protecting these rights. The Government White Paper identified a number of salient points that the 1974 Act did not address, and the Government has appeared to have legislated accordingly. Given that the previous 1974 Act was significantly outdated and not particularly relevant to modern society in both a social and legal context, there was a real need for this law to be updated in order to afford consumers maximum protection against otherwise unfair conduct that was not recognised in law. The law was updated more out of necessity than out of spite for consumer credit providers. The application of these laws does not generally appear to infringe on the rights of credit providers, it merely suggests that the market needs more stringent controls to av oid certain parties taking advantage of otherwise vulnerable individuals. The rationale behind the introduction, as the White Paper suggests, was to create a fairer and more transparent consumer credit market, which gave the individual more competitive and legitimate rights that they are now able to exercise in an attempt to remove the disparity between consumers and credit providers in terms of their negotiation and contractual abilities. There appears to be no malice or ill-will by the Government towards credit providers, rather just a desire to exercise control in an area of commerce that has expanded exponentially since the law was last reviewed more than a generation ago. The flexibility provided under the new Act through delegation of regulative powers to the OFT and Ombudsman also allows the law to be updated as society dictates, which ensures that the law will always be given the opportunity to reflect the needs of consumers as the market changes. This means that this debate will continually be revisited as the market expands and changes and, if there is a need to review the law in the future, there is no need to go through the lengthy legislative process which has dragged this legislation through 18 months of parliamentary delays, especially due to the calling of the 2005 General Election after the Bill was only passed its Commons stages. This law appears to be perfect for the current socio-economic climate of the British consumer credit market, and to argue that it goes too far in protecting consumer’s rights is simply untenable. Bibliography Legislation Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Consumer Credit Act 2006 (also, explanatory notes) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 Government Publications Department of Trade and Industry, Fair, Clear and Competitive: The Consumer Credit Market in the 21st Century (2003), Journal Articles/Other Sources John, C, ‘Consumer Credit – The New Landscape’ (2006) 18 Compliance Monitor 9 Singleton, S, ‘In Focus: Consumer Credit Act 2006’ (2006) 29 Consumer Law Today 8 Smith, J, ‘Practice Points: Credit Where Credit Is Due’ (2006) 103.25 Law Society Gazette 34 Unknown, ‘Consumer Credit: A New Age But Old Problems’ (2004) 6 Finance and Credit Law 1 Footnotes [1] Department of Trade and Industry, Fair, Clear and Competitive: The Consumer Credit Market in the 21st Century (2003), 4. [2] Ibid, 30-33. [3] Department of Trade and Industry, as above n 1, 33-36. [4] Ibid, 37-40. [5] Ibid, 45-48. [6] Consumer Credit Act 2006, s 1. [7] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 8. [8] Consumer Credit Act 2006, ss 19-22. [9] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 140A(1). [10] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 140B(1). [11] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 226A(2). [12] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 39A (as amended). [13] Consumer Credit Act 1974, s 41A (as amended).

Factors Of Waste Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Of Waste Generation Environmental Sciences Essay As a development country, the economic keep on growing and a lot of construction project will be carry out. Since this construction project is kept on increases, it will face a major problem on waste management. It is no longer strange or new for the construction waste and pollution produced in the sites which affect the environment issue. Reuse and recycling of construction waste is now a big recommendation for nowadays construction industry. There is a waste management which conducts a different management process in all over the world. Malaysia is using the Site Waste Management Plan to control the waste in our country. However, there are not much contractor follow the Site Waste Management Plan and just simply dump the construction wastes anywhere. The aim of this study is to learn the ways of recycling and reuse of construction waste management in a construction. Basically this study focus on what type of waste recycle to be use, which construction waste can be recycle or cannot be recycle, and the successful demolition of waste and issue of waste. With the study of waste management in Malaysia, I can know how the contractor did the waste management and how much level of awareness about waste minimization by contractor. 1.2 Introduction Construction waste is no longer a new issue or topic for a construction industry. Some waste is unavoidable even the design is perfect in a construction industry. Construction projects are required to make sure that it give impulse to the economy, improve the standard of living and provide opportunity for jobs. The overall construction industry make profit to the country however it is not an environmentally-friendly industry as it will cause air, water, noise and land pollution which all can be linked to the construction industry (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). It is to be said that the construction industry creates chances and injects money into a nations economy by giving an opportunity for foreign and local investment (M. Agung, 2009). However, despite these contributions, the construction industry has also been linked to global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). As we all know that not only construction can generates a huge amount of pollutants, including solid waste, noise, dust and water, other industries also will generate but in a small amount as compare to construction industries (Ball, 2002; Morledge Jackson, 2001). To start construction activities, construction cannot start if no any other direct influence industries. There are many direct influences on many other industries which define as both purchasing the inputs from other industries and providing products to almost all other industries, eliminating or reducing waste will produce a great amount of cost savings to society (Polat Ballard, 2004). Although Material Storage Management (MSM), the new concept for minimizing the waste in the construction industry is recognize, but contractor is not fully participate for this new concept. As the cost of labour is expensive than building materials cost, contractor rather allow construction material waste than put more human resources in managing the waste materials (Yau and Wong, 1997; Wong, 2000). Since foreign country are advance in controlling the construction waste strategies, Malaysia as a developer country should also consider about the problem occur in construction waste management. Recycling of construction waste will help the communities to reach the goal by preserve valuable space in their local landfills (Schlauder and Brickner, 1993). Nowadays many reuse and recycle method for construction waste which will lead to minimization of construction waste. Contractors will have to participate on such recycle method to overcome construction waste management problems. 1.3 Problem Statement Construction waste has affected the environmental problems especially for many large and developing cities. About 38% of the construction waste is generated from construction, which is among 6,408 tonnes of waste per annum are produced from construction activities. The amount wastes generate from construction industries is high as compare to other industry. This problem will affect the cost to expel the construction and demolition waste rising rapidly as it is becoming more and more expensive. The construction and demolition waste (CD) is the most critical waste in the whole world. According to Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2005, the total quantity of wastes in a year is 548,916.11 metric tonnes. This is a huge amount of wastes that we need to be considered and find out a way to control this situation. As from the Malaysia Environment Quality Report 2005, the oil and hydrocarbon waste has the highest percentage 22.4 while phenol/ Adhesive/ Resin waste has the lowest percentage of 0.3. On the other hand, for the type of industry, electronic waste is the highest with percentage of 23.7 while printing and packaging waste is the lowest with percentage of 0.5. Construction industry is a huge consumer of non-renewable resources and a massive producer of waste and the operation of the buildings are responsible for about half of the toal CO2 emissions (K. A. M. Kamar, Z. A. Hamid 2011). Therefore, it is needed to find out the solution and way to conduct waste control to minimize the construction waste. This must be start from now on and being practice by all construction industry to avoid pollution of environment and reduce the construction waste. 1.4 Scope of Study Construction waste management is too wide for carrying out a research as waste is classified into two types, waste of material and waste of manpower. In this situation, I will narrow down the scope of study for construction waste management in order to get my work done smoothly. In this case, I specify my scope of work by focusing on several aspects on construction waste management. Main focus of my research is on the Kuala Lumpur construction companys waste management practices in Malaysia. I will mainly focus on type of construction waste material which are metal and also concern about metal industry. This is because metal is considers as the middle waste produce in the construction industry and it is a common waste. Metal is always being used by construction industry and almost all the metal waste are not reuse or recycle in a proper ways. Besides, I will also focus on how the contractor reuse, recycle and remove other construction waste material from site. As for different construction industry, they will practice different ways of settling the construction waste and this will be interesting to be known. 1.5 Aim and Objectives Aims: To study the ways of recycling and reuse of construction waste management in a construction. Objectives: 2.2 To investigate the issue of waste generate by construction industry. 2.3 To determine the several factors lead to the waste generation and the success for recycling and demolition of construction waste. 2.4 To determine which construction waste can be recycling and which construction waste cannot be recycle. 1.6 Research Methodology Literature Review I will carry out my research by conducting literature review to further understand and be more familiar on the title and scope of research that I had chosen. I will try to read ad much information as I can about my topic which mainly obtains from internet, journal, books, newspapers, magazine and reference books. My literature review focus on the ways to recycle construction waste material, cause an effect of construction waste material and construction waste material pollution issue. As an overall picture, I carry out literature review to furnish myself on the construction waste management scope in our country. Questionnaire As for this research on construction waste in Malaysia, I will conduct questionnaire which mainly focus on main contractor, developer and sub-contractor. I will give out my questionnaire to about 70 construction firm to help me complete my survey question. I expected that I will receive about 30 respondents to enable me to analyze on the result and continue carry out my research study. The survey questions are design based on the aim and objectives that is stated earlier. Interview Interview will be conduct with main contractor or site agent to further understand their ways to remove construction waste in the site. Throughout interview, I can find out the difficulties of handling construction waste. Contractor can share some experience on how to reduce the waste or how to remove the waste on construction site to me and I think this might be helpful for me to do my research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Definition of waste Nowadays the amount of construction waste contribute in a development country is extremely high. As compare to other waste produce by other industries, the construction waste is the highest generation of waste. Waste can be simply define or describe as the material which is produce by human or from industry which does not has residual value ( Serpell and Alarcon, 1998). There are a lot of definitions to describe waste as show below: Waste can be defined as that which can be throw away or dispose without reducing customer value. (Polat and Ballard, 2004) The loss or damage of whatever kind of resources is considered as waste. The waste on materials, time (labour and equipment), and capital is mainly conducted by activities that generate direct or indirect costs but do not increase any value to the last product from the point of view of the customer. (Formoso et al., 2002) Any substances or objects that are mainly for disposed or intended to be disposed or are needed to be disposed off by the provisions of national laws are defined as waste. (The Basal Convention, 1989) The by-product which is generated or remove from a construction work, renovation work and demolition work or sites of building and civil engineering structure is consider as waste. (Cheung, 1993) For any substances or article which are need to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled is consider as waste. (Section 75 of U.K. Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1990) Table 2.1 Definitions of waste There are many waste generate everyday in a construction site such as construction waste, material waste and solid waste. Construction waste: Construction wastes are the wastes that are generated from the various activities carry out from the construction which is relatively clean and heterogeneous building material (Tchobanaglous et al., 1993). It is also define as the waste which includes the delay in time consuming, unsafely, rework, unnecessary transportation journeys, far distances, improper management of programme and poor constructability (Lee, et al., 1999). Besides that, (Peavy et al., 1985) indicated construction waste as the waste which is conducted from building works, demolition works and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures. According to (Shen et al., 2004), Construction wastes are arising from the different types of construction activities including the excavation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition activities, roadwork and building renovation which result the wastes in the formation of building debris, rubble, earth, concrete, steel, timber and mixed site clearance materials. For the new construction wastes, it is composed primarily of mixtures of unused or damaged raw materials as well as off cuts (discarded cut material) and packaging (Magdich, 1995). Materials waste: Materials waste is mean by whatever material that are far away from earth materials which requires to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used among the construction site itself for the objective of land filling, incineration, recycling, reuse or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to materials damage, excess, un-reuse, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process (Ekanayake Ofori, 2000). Material wastes are categorized by the activity which are over-ordering, overproduction, wrong progressing, unsatisfied storage, manufacturing defects and theft or vandalism by human ( Garas et al., 2001). Solid waste: Wastes generate from human and animal activities are called solid waste. Wastes establish by public authorities for final disposal, including hazardous waste, liquid-solid sludge from industry and water/waste water plants are within this definition (Kiely , 1997). Solid waste is also to be said as the waste which is in solid form that are unusable or unwanted generally conducted by human activities (Peavy et al., 1985). 2.2 Issue of Waste When due to the issue of waste, the construction waste is or will subsequently become a serious environmental issue in many cities and countries all around the world (Chen et al., 2002; Ferguson et al., 1995; Shen et al., 2000, 2002; Smallwood, 2000; Wong and Tanner, 1997). (Faniran and Caban, 1988; Kibert, 1994; Ferguson et al., 1995; Graham and Smithers, 1996; Guthrie et al., 1999; Symonds, 1999; Lawson and Douglas, 2001.) Stated that waste management for construction and demolition activities has become the major environmental problems in many municipalities. Whenever there is a construction activities carry out, there will produce waste. Waste from the construction industry will cause global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). Environmental problems in many big cities are also cause by the construction waste generated in construction activities (Begum et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2002; Teo Loosemore, 2001). There are several construction materials which contribute the cause of wastes such as steel reinforcement, premixed concrete, cement, sand, lime and premixed mortar, bricks and blocks, ceramic tiles pipes and wires Formoso et al., (2002). Based on the analysis on sources of wastes concluded that a high amount of material wastes is generated due to the flow of activities like material delivery, inventories and internal transportation and handling, which are usually neglected by site management (Formoso et al., 2002). A research from Environmental Protection Department stated that a daily average of 37,690 tonnes of Construction and Demolition (CD) wastes was conducted (EPD, 2000 a). Besides that, due to the development country which the construction industry activities increasing rapidly and shortage of sustainable landfill sites, the construction wastes are becoming a serious problem forcing the professionals and researchers to focus on the way to reuse the construction wastes (Masood et al, 2002). Globally estimate that many landfill sites around the world will receive 10-30% of construction and demolition (CD) waste frequently (Fishbein, 1998) while (Magdich, 1995) stated that construction and demolition wastes to be throwing to the landfills will contribute 25 percent from all the wastes. There are about 1-10% of the purchased construction materials will be leave at the site for the residential projects as waste (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Recent research which carry out in UK stated that at least 10% of all raw materials delivered to the sites will be wasted in the case of damage, loss and over-ordering (Guthrie et al., 1998). In the year of 2005, our lan dfills will be fully dispose of waste and the construction industry will no longer depend on landfills to dispose waste (EPD, 2002a). Other wastes are easy to be handled but for the construction waste, it is more difficult to be reuse or recycle due to the high levels of contamination and a huge degree of heterogeneity. (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996) say that construction waste also contains an extremely high amount of chemical wastes which is harmful and hard to be handling. Usually for the construction waste generate in construction activities will be dump to landfills and in recent days construction waste is recommended to be recycle to recognize its value and potentials of reusing them in future construction project (Trankler, et al., 1996; Peng et al., 1997). As for the total landfills wastes, construction and building activities takes 30% of the total volumes in the States while UK adds more than 50% and Australia takes 20%-30% (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Research on the construction and demolition wastes has been done which indicate that about 15%-30% of all solid waste by weight and more than 90% of this waste is from landfill in the gulf region, especially in Kuwait (Kartam, et al. 2004). Untitled.png Figure 2.2 Hierarchy of construction and demolition waste (Peng et al., 1997). There are limited practices among the construction sector on the waste minimization, reuse and recycling method because of the building materials which are at relatively low cost (Begun et al 2009). There is no forcing that the construction companies must practice sustainable resource and waste management which conclude that illegal dumping is still an issue for the authorities (Begun et al 2009). As this figure 2.2.1 is concern, it specified that for the solid waste, it contribute the most among the other waste produce in a construction industry in Malaysia. Untitled.png Figure 2.2.1 Percentage of solid waste in 1994 by  ¼Ã‹â€ Hassan et al. ¼Ã…’1998). 2.3 Factors of waste generation 2.3.1 Classification of waste There are classifications of wastes in the construction industry. Research from the pass indicated that the material waste will occur or appear throughout the construction project no matter in initial stage, design stage, construction stage or operation stage (Craven et. al., 1994; Faniran and Caban, 1998; Gavilian and Bernold, 1994; Spivey, 1974). Basically for the building construction waste there will divide into two categories namely structure waste and finishing waste (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987). Structure wastes are those wastes such as concrete fragment, reinforcement bars, abandoned timber plate and pieces. On the other hand, for finishing wastes, it included a wide range of waste materials which is generated during the finishing stage of the building (C.S.POON*, ANN T.W.YU and L.JAILLON 2003). Furthermore, wastes are being arranged into specific categories like demolition materials, packaging materials, wood, concrete, asphalt, garbage and sanitary wastes, scrap metal, products, rubber, plastic and glass, and pesticides and pesticide containers (Spivey, 1974). Singapore defined the classification of construction material waste into three major categories namely material waste, labor waste and machinery waste (Ekanayake and Ofori, 2000): Material waste: Any kind of materials which is unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted. Labor waste: Simply mean that the waste conducted by laborer such as concrete wasted due to unsatisfied workmanship, brick lay wrongly and broken of floor tiles. Machinery waste: Machinery which is order to the site but did not carry out the construction activities. Classification of solid waste is as below: Municipal waste which the wastes are paper, plastics, food wastes, ashes, and special wastes include Street sweepings and dead animals. Industrial waste which the wastes are timber, demolition and construction waste, treatment plant waste, hazardous waste. Hazardous waste which the wastes are radioactive substances, chemicals, biological waste, flammable waste and explosives. (Kiely , 1997). 2.3.2 Construction Industry Waste Generation A study on the generation of construction waste in the construction industry is very important. Waste generates in many kind of situation and it is important to be identified to reduce and improve the waste management. Nowadays a lot of countries were developing well in construction industry and cause the generation of huge amount of construction waste. Demand for houses and major infrastructure projects make the amount of construction waste keep increasing rapidly which will cause environmental issue (Nasaruddin et. al., 2008; Siti and Noor, 2008). Construction and demolition wastes surpass the volume of municipal wastes in most of the countries. This simply means that construction activities generate and produce a large amount of waste (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005). (Graham and Smithers, 1996) stated that as long as a construction activities or project is concern, there are several factors which will lead to the production of waste. Basically, it is often that the construction wastes are come from the result of human error in design, procurement method, material handling, residues of raw materials and unexpected change in building design (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Generally about 10% of the materials delivered to construction site will become wastes at the end of the construction activities (Magdich, 1995). A study contribute that the largest waste generated materials or component is woody (Goetz, 1998). As for other countries, waste generation is show as below: Hong Kong generated the major solid waste in construction industry and in the year of 1998, it generated approximately 32,710 tons of construction and demolition (CD) wastes per day (Poon et al., (2001). Greece surpasses 3.9 million tons of construction and demolition wastes for the year of 2002 which will continue increase the amount of waste subsequently (Fatta et al., 2003). Australian landfills have 20% to 30% of construction waste out of all wastes are being dispose (Craven et al., 1994). Brazil is to be saying that the amount of construction waste generated will be 20% of all materials delivered to site (Formoso et al., 2002). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) mention that the amount of 124 million metric tons of building-related construction and demolition wastes or 1.2kg per person per day were produced in the year of 1996 (Weber et al., 2002). India has the total generation of construction waste about 14.7 million tons per year as stated in Central Pollution Control Board India (Pappu, 2006). Country CD Wastes (percentages %) The Netherlands 26 Australia 20-30 United States 20, 23, 24, 29 Germany 10 Finland 13-15 Table 2.3.2 CD Wastes as Percentage of All Solid Wastes Entering Landfills in Various Countries (Source: Bossink and Brouwers, 1996) Untitled.png Chart 2.3.2 CD Waste Generation in Million Tons Waste generate in Percentage Tourist Hotel and Industrial Projects 19% Commercial Projects 16% Low Rise Building 13% Government Projects 11% Tunnel and Infrastructure 8% High Rise Building 33% Table 2.3.2.1 Cumulative Percentages of Projects Generating Construction Waste in Egypt (Mohd Firdaus Bin Mustaffa Kamal, 2009) The involvements of waste generation are divided into five sections such as design, procurement, materials handling, construction/ renovation and demolition. The table below shows the different type of project phase which cause waste generated: (Graham and Sniithers., 1996) Untitled.png Table 2.3.2.2 Causes of waste in different project phase The construction and demolition wastes generate rubbish, wood/ related products and miscellaneous wastes where their percentage of waste generation is as follow: Rubbish 40%-50% such as concrete, asphalt, bricks, blocks and dirt. Woods and related products 20%-30% such as pallets, stumps, branches, forming and framing lumber, treated lumber and shingles. Miscellaneous wastes such as painted or contaminated lumber, metals, tar-based products, plaster, glass, white goods, asbestos and other insulation materials, and plumbing, heating and electrical parts. Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) 2.3.3 Wastes in Malaysia Malaysia, a developing country wishing to achieve status by 2020 is facing a big problem and challenge of decoupling economic growth and waste generation (National Economic Advisory Council, 2010). Construction waste generating in Malaysia is becoming more and more pressing issue (Begum et. al, 2007; Begum et. al., 2010). (Recycling Today, 16 March 2004) indicated that Malaysia has a subsequently high waste generator from the construction industry. It can be said that Malaysias construction waste is one of the largest waste rate and yet despite a number of government policy initiatives to address this problem, suitable resource and waste management on site remains a low priority for the majority of the contractors (Begum, 2009). Due to the rapid development and urbanization happen in Malaysia, our country produces about 25,600 tonnes of waste daily (Fazleena Aziz, 2010). There are five states in Malaysia which produce 70% of the total amount of waste in the country and there are Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan (Grant, 2001). 30 construction sites are conducted in a study which identified six types of waste materials namely concrete (12.32%), metals (9.62%), bricks (6.54%), plastics (0.43%), woods (69.10%) and others waste (2%). Among these wastes, woods contribute the most in our country (Faridah et. al., 2004). 28% of municipal solid waste and construction waste been generated in the central and southern regions of Malaysia (Mohd Nasir et Al., 1998). Overall summary of 16,000 tons of domestic waste is produced per day by local communities and the amounts per capita change from 0.45 to 1.44 kg per day which very much depending on the economic status of the areas concerned. This simply mean that waste generate about 1kg per capita per day (GAIA Global Meeting, 2003). Based on a research from Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., there are only 76% of solid wastes are able to be collect back in Malaysia and only about 5% being recycle, with the rest of 95% disposed at the countrys 112 landfills (Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., 2007). For our country Malaysia, it is quite surprise to say that the Government spends RM400 million per year on waste disposal and the waste is only refers to municipal solid waste which is a huge amount of money (The Star, 2005). Another issue happen in Malaysia is illegal dumping. Seberang Perai of Pulau Pinang stated that there are illegal dump site near along the road which is a very irresponsibility way of clearing the construction wastes (Faridah et. al., 2004). Besides Seberang Perai, the issue of illegal dumping is happening rapidly all over Malaysia (Yahaya and Larsen, 2008). Another study done in Johor which conclude that there are 42%-46% of illegal dumping sites are of construction waste (Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007). Recent news indicated that almost 30 tons of construction waste was found to be dump illegally in tropical mangrove swamp near Bandar Hilir, Malacca and construction debris problem near roadside at Section 17, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (The Star, 2011; The Star, 2012). Those irresponsibility actions of illegal dumping will cause risk to human health and environmental problem (Faridah et. al., 2004; Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007). The National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management was form in 2005 which mainly focus on solid waste management in peninsular Malaysia and the duration is until 2020 providing the foundation for the subsequent years (United Nations Development Programme, 2008). 2.3.4 Purpose of Waste Management The main purpose of conducting waste management is to reduce/ remove the amount of waste produced and in the same time reducing disposal costs and the environmental impact (Pitt et al., 2002). Waste need to be carries out by using recycle and reusing method so that it will not affect the environment factors and improve our future life. According to (Woolley, 2000), with the help of waste management in term of reducing, reusing and recycling of CD waste, it will help to increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce exploration of natural resources. One of the strategies to reduce waste is by recycling as it contributes to three main advantages (Edwards, 1999): Reduce demand for new resources Reduce transport and production energy costs Use the waste which would otherwise he lost to landfill sites. It is important to carry out waste management from now on although a very small amount of construction and demolition wastes is now recovered by waste management, for sure there will be greater amount of wastes to be recycle in the future in such a way that higher tipping fees, mandatory landfill diversion legislation and the success of entrepreneurs in processing both source-separated and mixed wastes (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). As by using the recycling method for construction waste, it can help to decrease the demand on land for disposing the waste and also help to conserve natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to disposal (Poon, 2002). Waste management is used for a sustainable development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987). 2.3.5 Waste Management It is a major problem suffered worldwide about the management of construction waste (Adam, 2004). Recycling of construction wastes simply mean that the separation and recycling of recoverable waste which are form during the construction and remodeling stage (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). Research indicated that 90% of the construction wastes can be recyclable to be reused (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). The main point of view that will cause the waste generation is by design stage. Design stage will taken into control of materials waste on construction sites as it is taking a central role to help minimizing waste produced (Shen, et al., 2004). To manage the construction wastes well, the method of managing is very important as it should be part of the project management functions and involve employees participation (Shen and Tam, 2002). A lot of various management methods have been applied and discuss from previous research in order to improve the control on construction wastes (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005) and (Koskela, 1992; Alarcon, 1997) mention that many methods have been drawn up and developed such as in the way of policy and programmes to help to reduce the construction waste. Construction management plan is introduce to improve materials resource efficiency by carry out reuse, recovery and recycling as well as to minimize the issue of illegal dumping by properly introduce the waste removal processes (Defra, 2009). As for a successful waste management, the construction waste should not be directly disposed but it needs to pass through several processes before being disposed. The method to treat the proper waste management is to follow the waste management hierarchy (Peng et. al., 1997). By following the concept of waste management hierarchy it will give advantages to the environmental and economy problem to a country (Tchobanoglous and Keith, 2002). Figure 2.3.5 Waste Management Hierarchy (Source: Peng et. al., 1997) Another waste management methodologies in the form of hierarchy in descending order from reducing waste, re